PSYCH

• Therapeutic alliance


  Connection between client and therapist, increased connection creates greater outcomes
• Types of therapy


  • Insight therapies
  • Behavioral therapies
  • Biomedical
• Insight therapies


  Help gain insight into cause
• Behavioral therapies


  Change behavior to decrease distress and improve outcome
• Biomedical


  Drug therapies
• Psychotherapy


  An emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a therapist and someone with psychological difficulties
• Psychoanalysis


  Freudian technique of bringing unconscious impulses and conflicts into conscious awareness where the patient can deal with them
• Free association


  Spontaneous expression of thoughts and feelings exactly as they occur with little censorship
• Resistance


  Blockage in the flow of free association; hint that anxiety lurks in the unconscious
• Psychoanalyst


  Makes you aware of resistance
• Transference


  Clients start relating to therapists in ways that mimic critical relationships, transferring the conflicting feelings onto the therapist
• Dream analysis


  Interpretation of the symbolic meaning of dreams
• Psychodynamic therapy


  Replaced traditional psychoanalysis, once a week face-to-face interactions; therapists look for recurring themes especially in relationships
• Humanistic Therapy


  Believes personal distress is due to incongruence rooted in over dependence on others for approval and acceptance
• Client centered therapy


  Aims to bridge gaps between actual self vs. perceived self vs. reality by providing genuine, nonjudgemental acceptance empathy to facilitate client's growth
• Active listening


  Empathetic listening in which listener echos, restates, clarifies - therapist seeks to be psychological mirror
• Behavior Therapy


  Applies learning principles to eliminate unwanted behaviors and assumes behaviors are the problems, doesn't need to look for inner causes
• Exposure therapy


  Treats anxieties by exposing people to what they fear/avoid
• Systematic desensitization


  Associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli
• VR exposure therapy


  Stimulation of fears, useful for hard to replicate fears
• Aversion therapy


  Uses classical conditioning to associate an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior by substituting a positive response with a negative one
• Operant conditioning


  Reinforce desired behaviors, withhold punishment for undesired behaviors
• Token economy


  People earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior, can later exchange tokens for rewards
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy


  Teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting, helps people discover their irrationalities, trains them to engage in reality testing
• Changing what people say to themselves


  An effective way to change their thinking
• Biomedical therapy


  Psychological interventions intended to reduce symptoms associated with psychological disorders
• Anti-anxiety drugs


  Work to depress the CNS to reduce tension, apprehensions, nervousness, tranquilizers inhibit GABA pathways, effects are immediate but short lived, risk for addiction
• Antipsychotic drugs


  Used primarily to treat Schizophrenia by blocking dopamine activity
• Thorazine


  • Treats positive symptoms such as hallucinations, paranoia by dampening responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli
• Tardive dyskinesia


  • Involuntary ticklike movements of facial muscles, tongues, limbs
• Atypical antipsychotics


  Effective but increased risk of obesity, diabetes
• Clozaril


  Helps reanimate patients experiencing apathy, withdrawal (negative symptoms)
• Antidepressants


  Increases mood by increasing norepinephrine and serotonin
• SSRIs


  Blocks reuptake of serotonin from synapse
• SNRIs


  Blocks reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine
• Psychological effects of antidepressants take weeks
• drug therapies: effective with severe disorders that defy other forms of therapy; critics argue that results are superficials Short-lived
• Electroconculsive therapy: biomedical treatment in which electric shock is used to produce a cortical seizure accompanied by convulsions; used primarily in severe cases of mood disorders, particularly depression in which patients have not responded well to other forms of therapy; specific mechanism unknown but considered neural "reset"
• Psychological disorder


  Clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotional regulation, or behavior
• Psychological disorder


  • Persistently harmful thoughts, feelings, actions that interfere with daily functioning