DRRR

• Geological hazard is an adverse geologic condition capable of causing damage or loss of property or life
• landslide is a ground movement on a sloping terrain. It does not happen on flat ground because of the angle on the ground, gravity induces the land to move downward. It is aggravated by rain because water is a natural agent for erosion
• Landslides come in various names such as mudslide, flash flood, avalanche.
• SOIL CREEP LANDSLIDES

  is a very slow  downslope movement of particles that occurs in every slope covered with loose, weathered material
• SLUMPING LANDSLIDES

  - a landslide consisting of a mass of material moving downslope as a unit, usually along a curved plane of failure. The removed mass of soil and rock leave an abrupt drop-off at the top of the landslide known as a

  scarp.
• DEBRIS FLOW LANDSLIDES

  happens when the slope becomes saturated  with water,

  this then  triggers a landslide of water-soaked mass of rock and

     soil that slides down the slope.
• Rock Fall landslides

  are sudden slides caused by heavy rain the rock on the slope

  loosens and then slides down  the slope.
• ROCK FALL - free falling of detached bodies of bedrock from a cliff or steep slope
• ROCK TOPPLING - occurs when one or more rock units rotate about their base and collapse
• SINKHOLE - a depression in the ground that has no natural external surface drainage.
• SINKHOLE often known as sink or doline
• SINKHOLE -are basin-like, funnel-shaped, or vertical-sided depressions in  

      the land surface.
• SINKHOLE -can occur on elevated or flat surfaces and can range from massive to barely noticeable which may leave a dent, a hole, or a body of water on the ground
• Cover Collapse Sinkhole - It develops suddenly (over an hour period) thus, causing catastrophic damage. They occur where the covering sediments contain a significant amount of clay. Over time, surface drainage, erosion, and deposition of sinkhole into a shallower bowl-shaped depression.
• Cover Subsidence Sinkhole

  It gradually grows where the sediment covers are permeable and contain sand.
• Dissolution Sinkhole

  It occurs in areas where calcareous is exposed on the ground or where thin layers of soil and permeable sand are also covered. Limestone or dolomite dissolution is most intense when the water first reaches the rock surface.
• Artificial Sinkhole

  Such types of sinks may be caused by various human activities, including groundwater pumping and building.
• NATURAL CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES - climate change, earthquake, weathering, volcanic eruption, erosion, forest fires, gravity
• HUMAN CAUSES OF LANDSLIDE -mining, clear cutting,
• Weathering

  •It is the natural procedure of rock deterioration that leads to weak, landslide-susceptive materials. It is brought about by the chemical action of water, air, plants and bacteria. When the rocks are weak

    enough, they slip away causing landslides
• Erosion caused by sporadic running water such as streams, rivers, wind, currents, ice and waves wipes out lateral slope support enabling landslides to occur easily
• Stratovolcano is a typical example of volcano responsible for most landslides across the globe
• GEOLOGICAL MAP -It shows how geological features, rock units or geologic strata are shown by colors or symbols to indicate where they are exposed at the surface.
• Geological map is a scale-down interpretation of

     the structure of selected area of the upper part  of the

     Earth crust usually drawn on the topographic base
• Quarternary Deposits – consist of detrital rock fragments varying in size from clay to boulders and occupies the river channels and flood plain
• Cataguintingan Formations – consist of thinly bedded sedimentary rocks of shale, siltstone, sandstone and conglomerate, situated within San Fabian, Sison and Pozorrubio;
• Cruz Formation – consist of thinly to moderately thick beds of coralline limestone, mostly along the coast of Western Pangasinan;
• Zigzag Limestone – consist of interbedded shale, siltstone, sandstone and conglomerate with intercalations of andesitic and basaltic volcanic, which are mostly situated in the eastern part of the province
• Quarternary Plugs – consist of andesite  found in some parts of Balungao and Umingan Towns
• Legend is a table explaining the meanings of all colours and symbols used to represent geologic features in the geological map, cross section and litostratisgraphic column.
• Interpretation

  •The topographic map shows the shape of the land the hills and valleys, the streams and swamps, the man- made features such as roads, railroads, and towns. The geologic map shows the kinds and shapes of the rock bodies that form the land surface and that lie beneath it.
• Title - The map title indicates what type of information is being presented by the map
• PARTS OF GEOLOGICAL MAP - legend, title, interpretation, susceptibility, sources
• A normal fault is a type of geological fault where the hanging wall (the block of rock above the fault plane) has moved downward relative to the footwall (the block of rock below the fault plane). This movement occurs due to extensional forces, typically associated with divergent plate boundaries.
• • A reverse or thrust fault is another type of geological fault. In this case, the hanging wall has moved upward relative to the footwall due to compressional forces. These forces are often associated with convergent plate boundaries.
• • A strike-slip fault is characterized by predominantly horizontal movement of tectonic plates along the fault plane. The movement occurs parallel to the fault plane, in opposite directions. This type of fault is typically caused by horizontal shearing forces.
• • An anticline is a geological fold in rock layers where the layers arch upward, resembling an “A” shape. The oldest rock layers are found at the core of the anticline, while younger layers surround it.
• • A syncline is a geological fold where rock layers dip downward, creating a trough-like shape. When a syncline has a tilted axis (plunging), it means that the fold axis is not horizontal but inclined. PLUNGING SYNCLINE
• Hydrometeorology - branch of meteorology that deals with problems involving the hydrologic cycle, the water budget, and the rainfall statistics of storms.
• Hydrometeorological Hazard : Process or phenomenon of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic nature that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.