test 3

• Independent Variable


  Variable that is manipulated by the experimenter
• Controlled Variable


  One that is not changed throughout the experiment
• Dependent Variable


  Variables that are measured
• Extraneous Variable


  Any variable that you're not investing in that can affect the outcomes of the study
• Type of Experiment


  Mixed Methods (meaning it is a mix of qualitative and quantitative), Subjective Study + Convenience Sampling
• Convenience Sampling


  Based on researchers accessibility to them
• Application of Experiment


  Psychological Research, Parenting + Counselling, Clinical Applications, Individualised Learning Approaches
• Method of Experiment


  1. Recruitment

  2. Questionnaire Design

  3. Google Forms Setup

  4. Distribute Questionnaire

  5. Data Collection

  6. Data Analysis

  7. Statistical Analysis

  8. Interpretation
• Strengths of Experiment


  • Clear objective, Targeted participants, Inclusion of Adolescents, Online Platform, Standardised Test, Comparative Analysis
• Limitations of Experiment


  • Limited Age Range, Sample Bias, Online Testing, Absence of Time Recording, Testing Environments
• Reliability


  The extent to which a measure could be expected to produce the same result with the same subject(s) under the same conditions on other occasions
• Validity


  The extent to which an instrument measures what its meant to
• Population


  Age range of 16 to 17 years old
• Sample Size


  Number of participants from the psych classes
• Experimental Group


  16 and 17-year-old adolescents from the psych classes in year 11 who are completing the inline test on Google Forms
• Non-Experimental Group


  Compares the performance of 16 and 17-year-olds to another group of adolescents who are not taking the test but are of the same age
• Confounding Variables


  Education Level, Socioeconomic Status, Prior Exposure to Abstract Thinking tasks, Motivation + Effort, Cultural Differences, Differences in Cognitive Abilities
• Type of Research design

  Cross-sectional research design
• Subjective Data


  Data based on opinion, collected through observations of behaviour
• Objective Data


  Data that can be observed and measured
• Errors present in this experiment: Sampling Bias, Age Range, Test validity, Test Administration, Time Constraints, Control variables, Causality
• Independent Variable


  The variable that is manipulated by the experimenter
• Controlled Variable


  One that is not changed throughout the experiment
• Dependent Variable


  Variables that are measured
• Extraneous Variable


  Any variable that you're not investing in that can affect the outcomes of the study
• Type of Experiment


  Mixed Methods (meaning it is a mix of qualitative and quantitative), Subjective Study + Convenience Sampling
• Convenience Sampling


  Based on researchers accessibility to them
• Application of Experiment


  • Psychological Research
  • Parenting + Counselling
  • Clinical Applications
  • Individualised Learning Approaches
• Method of Experiment


  1. Objective: To determine how abstract thinking changes with age during adolescence

  2. Participants: Consist of 16 + 17 year olds, Participants will be selected from psychology classes in Year 11

  3. Materials: Google Forms questionnaire containing a series of abstract thinking questions, Access to computers with an Internet connection

  4. Procedure: Recruitment, Questionnaire Design, Google Forms Setup, Distriction Questionnaire, Data Collection, Data Analysis, Statical Analysis, Interpretation
• Strengths of Experiment


  • There is a clear objective -> research questions are defined
  • There are targeted participants -> focusing on 16 + 17 year olds
  • Inclusion of Adolescents -> Involves adolescents from both psych classes, ensures familiarity
  • Online Platform -> Allows easy distribution + data collection
  • Standardised Test - Uses a series of questions to test abstract thinking abilities
  • Comparative Analysis - Study aims to determine whether abstract thinking develops with age or through practice
• Limitations of Experiment


  • Limited Age Range -> Focuses on only adolescents aged 16 + 17 -> doesn't provide insight into how abstract reasoning evolves
  • Sample Bias -> Introduce bias since students in psych classes may have a higher interest or proficiency in abstract thinking compared to other adolescents
  • Online Testing -> May introduce variability in how participants approach questions such as distractions, internet connectivity issues + searching for answers
  • Absence of Time Recording - >Not recording time taken -> challenges the efficiency of participants' abstract reasoning abilities
  • Testing Environments -> Participants may complete tests in different environments -> influence performance due to levels of comfort, noise + interruptions
• Reliability


  The extent to which a measure could be expected to produce the same result with the same subject(s) under the same conditions on other occasions
• Validity


  The extent to which an instrument measures what its meant to
• Population


  Age range of 16 to 17 years old
• Sample Size


  Number of participants from the psych classes
• Experimental Group


  Group of participants to which IV is imposed onto
• Non-Experimental Group


  Investigates the relationship between 2 variables
• Confounding Variables


  • Education Level
  • Socioeconomic Status
  • Prior Exposure to Abstract Thinking tasks
  • Motivation + Effort
  • Cultural Differences
  • Differences in Cognitive Abilities
• Type of Research design

  Cross-sectional research design
• Subjective Data


  Data based on opinion, collected through observations of behaviour