AP HUG - Unit 7

• The average person in the world is better off today than three decades ago. The average person possesses more wealth, has had more education, and will live longer than someone 30 years ago. But not everyone is better off.
• Development


  A process of improving a person's prospects of leading a long and healthy life, acquiring knowledge, and obtaining adequate resources.
• Both the United States and Canada are very high developed.
• Geographers divide the world into nine regions, according to their level of development. Developed countries cluster in some spaces and developing countries in other spaces, based on their level of development.
• Developed country


  Also known as a more developed country (MDC) and referred to by the U.N. as a very high developed country, has progressed further along the development continuum.
• Developing country


  Also frequently called a less developed country (LDC), has made some progress toward development, though less than the developed countries.
• The U.N. divides developing countries into high, medium, and low developing.
• Human Development Index (HDI)


  The U.N. created this to measure the level of development of every country. The highest HDI possible is 1.0, or 100 percent.
• HDI factors


  A decent standard of living, a long and healthy life, and access to knowledge.
• Development is a process of enlarging people's ability to lead a long and healthy life, to acquire knowledge, and to have access to resources needed for a decent standard of living.
• With access to these three dimensions, people have greater opportunities to be creative and productive and to enjoy personal self-respect and guaranteed human rights.
• Geographers divide the world into two developed regions and seven developing regions.
• Japan and South Korea are classified separately rather than included with the rest of East Asia because their level of development is much higher than that of their neighbors.
• The U.N. previously classified Russia as a developed country, but because of its limited progress in development both under and since communism, the U.N. now classifies Russia as a high developing country.
• Gross national income (GNI)


  The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country.
• Purchasing power parity (PPP)


  An adjustment made to the GNI to account for differences among countries in the cost of goods.
• In 2014, per capita GNI was approximately $40,000 in developed countries compared to approximately $10,000 in developing countries.
• Primary sector


  Includes activities that directly extract materials from Earth through agriculture, mining, fishing, and forestry.
• Secondary sector


  Includes manufacturers that process, transform, and assemble raw materials into useful products, as well as industries that fabricate manufactured goods into finished consumer goods.
• Tertiary sector


  Involves the provision of goods and services to people in exchange for payment, such as retailing, banking, law, education, and government.
• The share of GNI accounted for by the secondary sector has decreased sharply in developed countries and is now less than in developing countries.
• The share of GNI accounted for by the tertiary sector is relatively high in developed countries, and is now growing in developing countries.
• Productivity


  The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it.
• The value added per capita is around $67 per hour in the United States compared to around $16 in Mexico.
• Workers in developed countries produce more with less effort because they have access to more machines, tools, and equipment to perform much of the work.
• Productivity


  The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it
• Value added per capita


  The value added in manufacturing is the gross value of a product minus the costs of raw materials and energy
• Workers in developed countries produce more with less effort because they have access to more machines, tools, and equipment to perform much of the work
• Production in developing countries relies more on human and animal power
• The larger per capita GNI in developed countries


  In part pays for the manufacture and purchase of machinery, which in turn makes workers more productive and generates more wealth
• Contribution to GNI among primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors


  • Primary sector has decreased in developing countries but remains higher than in developed countries
  • The low share in developed countries indicates that a handful of farmers produce enough food for the rest of society
• Mean years of schooling


  The number of years that the average person aged 25 or older in a country has spent in school
• Expected years of schooling


  The number of years that the U.N. forecasts an average 5-year-old will spend in school
• Adults have spent an average of 11.5 years in school in developed countries, compared to only 4.7 years in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa
• The U.N. expects that 5-year-olds in developed countries will spend an average of 16.3 years in school
• The expected average is 9.3 years in sub-Saharan Africa and 10.2 years in South Asia
• Pupil/teacher ratio


  The number of enrolled students divided by the number of teachers
• Literacy rate


  The percentage of a country's people who can read and write
• Improved education is a major goal of many developing countries, but funds are scarce
• Life expectancy at birth


  The average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current mortality levels