9.3.1 Animal and Plant Cells

• 5 Kingdoms of living organisms


  • Plants
  • Animals
  • Fungi
  • Prokaryotes (e.g. bacteria)
  • Protoctists
• All living organisms can be classified into 5 different groups called Kingdoms
• Cells


  The basic structure of all living things
• Animal cell


  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosomes
  • Ribosomes

  
• Plant cell


  • Cell wall
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
  • Chloroplasts
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosomes
  • Vacuole
  • Ribosomes
• Functions of cell organelles

  • Not provided
• Cell wall


  Made of cellulose, a carbohydrate made from glucose molecules. Gives structure and allows plant cells to withstand high pressures.
• Plant cells have a cell wall


  Plant cells do not burst due to the cell wall
• Animal cells and plant cells have differences

  
• Mitochondria


  The organelles that release energy from nutrient molecules through respiration

  
• Reasons why animals need energy from respiration


  • Maintain constant internal temperature
  • Muscle contraction
  • Growth
  • Cell division
  • Protein synthesis
  • Nerve impulses
• Respiration


  The chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism

  
• Respiration is catalyzed by enzymes to speed up the reaction
• Mitochondria


  • Have an extra membrane that is folded to increase surface area, enzymes are found on this membrane
• Aerobic respiration


  Uses oxygen to break down nutrient molecules

  
• Glucose and oxygen are the raw materials required for aerobic respiration

  
• Producers


  Plants that absorb light energy from the sun to make organic nutrients like glucose through photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis


  The process where plants use light energy to make organic nutrients

  
• Chlorophyll


  The pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy and makes plants green
• Chloroplasts are only found in plant cells that can perform photosynthesis, not in roots or the middle of the stem

  
• Photosynthesis


  1. Light energy absorbed

  2. Carbon dioxide and water react

  3. Glucose and oxygen produced

  
• The word and symbol equation for photosynthesis is provided