part 2

• AND ROYAL


  PONTIFICAL UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS, MANILA
• UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

  1611
• FT744: POST-HARVEST HANDLING AND TECHNOLOGY
• 2nd Term A.Y. 2023-2024
• Department of Food Technology, College of Education, University of Santo Tomas
• Intended Learning Outcomes


  • To demonstrate understanding of the uses of packaging in postharvest handling
  • To demonstrate familiarity with the kinds of damage during packaging and handling
  • To demonstrate familiarity with the types of field and shipping packages
  • To demonstrate knowledge in the criteria for selecting a package
  • To demonstrate understanding of the techniques of packaging
• Outline


  • Choosing a Package
  • Labelling
  • Techniques in Manual Packing
  • Improving Package Performance During Trips
• Commodity


  • Must be based on the commodity requirement
  • Must be strong enough to withstand rigors during handling
  • Should be smooth to prevent abrasion
  • Should be shallow enough to avoid crushing in the inner layers
  • Should be adequately ventilated
• Type of Loading


  • Manual loading should be easy and convenient to be handled
  • Heavy bulky units are convenient when handled with forklifts
  • Octagonal containers used for onions or cabbages are not appropriate
  • Forklifts are used in large enterprises
• Type of Treatments


  • Hydrocooled or iced must be waterproofed and should have holes at the bottom
  • Air-cooled needs sufficient vents to facilitate cooling
  • Fumigated vent must be screened to prevent entry of insects
  • Cold-stored should be moisture resistant
• Method of Selling


  • Should be attractive
  • Should allow easy inspection
  • Should be easily reclosed after inspection
• Cost-Effectiveness


  • Should be reasonably cheap
  • Should not be more expensive than is necessary to achieve its purpose
  • More expensive produce can be packed in more expensive packages
  • Type of market is a good determinant of the cost of packages
• Cost of Transport


  • Air freighted commodities are packed in cartons
  • Commodities shipped by land, cost is determined by volume or by number of containers
  • If by volume, the cheaper container with the greatest volume is selected
  • Should give adequate protection to the commodity
• Distance of Delivery


  • The more distant the markets, the greater protection needed
  • Baskets or flexible packages are used for nearby markets
  • The more sturdy ones are used for long distances
• Environmental Conditions


  • Cartons are not satisfactory when handling during rains
  • Using waxed cartons will solve the problem
  • Waxing adds 35-50% more to the cost of the cartons
• Convenience and Availability


  • The main determinants for the type of package used
• Labelling


  • Fruits are labelled by stamping with the company's brand or logo or putting stickers on them bearing the brand name of the company
  • The ink should be approved by the Food and Drug Administration
  • Stamping is more cheaper
  • Stickers are more attractive and easily peeled off
• Techniques in Manual Packing


  • Place Packed - commodities are placed individually inside the container
  • Volume-Filled - commodities are poured into the container
  • Vibration Filling - when packing is done by vibrating the fruits
• Techniques in Manual Packing


  • Immobilize the commodity as much as possible
  • Fill only to capacity of container
  • Gently handle package commodities
  • Pack in a cool place
• Techniques in Manual Packing


  • Molded tray for packing fruits in cartons
  • Internal dividers used in cartons
• Techniques in Manual Packing


  • Containers should be clean
  • If place packed, position commodities in such a way to minimize damage
  • Pack fruits of only one stage of maturity of degree of ripeness
  • When putting the lid, press the lid lightly on fruits or commodity
• Techniques in Manual Packing


  • Honey Mango
  • Fruit of Heaven
  • Bonita
  • Pantan Eraley Sweet
• Improving Package Performance During Trips - Baskets


  • Use of liners and cushioning materials
  • Use of paper dividers in between layers of commodities
  • Wrapping individual fruits with newspaper
  • Use of horizontal dividers or platforms in trucks
  • Use of ventilation tubes
• Improving Package Performance During Trips - Cartons


  • Use of internal dividers or cell packs
  • Tray packs
  • Expandable Styrofoam nets or foamed mesh
  • Liners
  • Wrapping individual fruits with tissue paper impregnated with fungicide
  • Cushioning materials
  • Paper in between layers of produce
  • Seal packaging or shrink wrapping
• Improving Package Performance During Trips - Sacks


  • Newspaper in between net bags of potatoes for transport over rough roads
• Improving Package Performance During Trips - Wooden Crates


  • Use steel straps around crates for long distant transport to further strengthen the crates