Sociology miss

• Factors in Weberian explanation


  • Class-Marker Situation
  • Occupational Skill qualifications
  • Resources
  • Ownership
  • Petty bourgeoisies
  • White collar
• Status


  Position, Social Standing, Occupation, Gender, Ethnicity
• Party


  Organisations, Influence, Political party, Trade unions
• Women have lower status and party than men
• Different ethnicities also have different status & party as well
• States & Party impact life chances the most
• Life chances


  Refers to opportunities a person has to improve their life
• Horizontal Segregation


  • Gender is a determining factor in the types of jobs people do / the sectors they work in
  • E.g. 99.19% of electricians are men
• Horizontal segregation impacts status
• Vertical Segregation


  • How far you can go in a job (promotional opportunities)
  • Depending on gender
  • Glass ceiling is invisible barrier that prevents achieving upward mobility
  • Concrete ceiling makes it even more difficult for women to achieve upward mobility
• Glass elevator


  • Men rise higher and faster up employment ladder than women due to hidden advantages
• Evidence to prove gender stereotypes that result in men being viewed as more natural leaders than women
• Women are often seen as making emotional decisions rather than rational
• Views about women's childbearing & family obligations
• Dual labour market


  Primary labour market = Secure, well paid jobs

  Secondary labour market = Low paid, insecure jobs
• Suggestion is women are concentrated in secondary labour market and are more likely to work low-status jobs
• Social closure


  Exclusions of some people from membership of certain status groups
• Weberian argues that women participate less than men in groups which exert pressure and power in society
• Electoral Commission (2004) study found political activism gaps - women take more passive roles rather than active
• Political activism gaps


  • Women 7% less likely to be a member of a professional group

  Men 2% more likely to be a party member

  Men 6% more likely to be a member of a social club

  Men 13% more likely to be a member of a sports club
• Reasons for political activism gaps: those in paid employment more likely to be politically active & gap significant among those with children but less without children at home
• Parsons' Functionalism


  Believes in all societies, some individuals more highly skilled than others

  Value Consensus - everyone agrees these people most worthy of rewards

  Contributes to smooth running of society
• Human Capital Theory


  Men have more human capital, means they're more committed, experienced etc. Therefore not surprising women paid less as less inclined to undertake traditional training
• Catherine Hakim's Preference Theory


  Women aren't victims of unfair employment but have preferences and make rational choices

  3 categories of work-lifestyle preferences: Home-Centered, Adaptive, Work Centered
• Murdock's theory


  Believes women located in home due to biological function of bearing children