carbs

• CARBOHYDRATE = include sugars, starches, gums, and celluloses.
• CARBOHYDRATE = contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
• FORMULA

  • Cn(H2O)n
• CARBOHYDRATES = aldehydes or ketone derivatives of polyhydric alcohols
• MONOSACCHARIDES = simple carbohydrates that cannot be broken down into simpler units by hydrolysis
• most important carbohydrate = glucose
• GLUCOSE = precursor for the synthesis of all the other carbohydrates in the body.
• CARBOHYDRATES

  • called sugars & starches
  • polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones
  • synthesized through photosynthesis
• CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES

  • MONOSACCHARIDES
  • DISSACHARIDES
  • OLIGOSACCHARIDES
  • POLYSACCHARIDES
• CARBOHYDRATES = used for burst of energy ; needed during exercise - glucose
• • energy is STORED in photosynthesis
  • energy is RELEASED in metabolism

  
• simplest carbohydrate = monosaccharide
• MONOSACCHARIDE = have 3-6 C atoms
• ALDOSE = aldehyde ; carbonyl at C1
• KETOSE = ketone ; carbonyl at C2
• simplest aldose = glyceraldehyde
• simplest ketose = dihydroxyacetone
• glyceraldehyde & dihydroxyacetone = constitutional isomers

  • share formula - C3H6O3
• CONSITUTIONAL ISOMER = GLYCERALDEHYDE

  
• CONSTITUTIONAL ISOMER = DIHYDROXYACETONE

  
• NUMBER OF C ATOMS

  • TRIOSE = 3 C
  • TETROSE = 4 C
  • PENTOSE = 5 C
  • HEXOSE = 6 C
• MONOSACCHARIDES = sweet tasting
• POLAR = HIGH MELTING POINTS
• MONOSACCHARADIES = very water soluble
• GLYCOGEN = excess glucose stored ; form of polysaccharides
• GLUCOSE = dextrose ; blood sugar ; most abundant monosaccharide
• normal blood glucose level = 70 - 110 mg/dL
• patient with DIABETES = insufficient insulin ; monitor diet & inject insulin daily
• GALACTOSE = component of lactose (disacc)
• GALACTOSEMIA = lack of enzyme to metabolize galactose ; accumulate: cataract & cirrhosis
• FRUCTOSE = component of sucrose (disacc)
• FRUCTOSE= ketohexose ; twice as sweet as table sugar
• REDUCTION - GLUCOSE

  • aldehyde carbonyl group reduced to 1 alcohol = glucitol / sorbitol
• OXIDATION - GLUCOSE

  • aldehyde group oxidized to carboxylic acid ; benedicts reagent = GLUCONIC ACID
• HYDROLYSIS OF MALTOSE = 2 MOL GLUCOSE
• LACTOSE = joined by 1,4 beta glycosidic bond ; split by enzyme lactase
• LACTOSE INTOLERANT = no longer produce enzyme lactase
• LACTOSE without LACTASE = cannot be digested: abdominal cramps & diarrhea
• SUCROSE = table sugar ; very sweet + many calories
• reduce calorie intake = development of artificial sweeteners