Cognitive Approach

• Schema


  A framework of knowledge which are developed from experience, stereotypes, expectations and assumptions
• Shortening


  the amount of information that a person is able to remember reduces
• Confabulation


  changing or adding in information to the memory at recollection that is more consistent with their schema
• Rationalisation


  leaving out or adding in details so that the story or event makes more sense
• Cues


  bits of information that are encoded at the same time as a memory. they create access routes to the target memory
• Context Cues


  features of the environment when the memory was encoded e.g. the class room
• State cues


  physical/mental state when memory was encoded e.g. stressed/happy
• Free recall


  recall information without assistance
• Cued recall


  recalling with assistance from a cue
• Recognition


  where we cannot quite remember information but it sounds familiar, often because we cant access everything stored in our STM
• Cognitive priming


  exposure to a given stimulus can cause faster processing of another stimulus later on
• Repetition priming


  A stimulus is encountered once, on repeated presentation the same stimulus is processed more quickly
• Semantic priming


  A stimulus is encountered once, when a new stimulus which shares features with the first is encountered, it is processed more quickly
• Associative priming


  A stimulus is encountered once, when a new stimulus which is often associated with the first stimulus is encountered, it is processed quicker
• Heuristics


  a mental shortcut
• Fundamental Attribution bias

  overemphasising the role of intention in other peoples behaviour
• Conformation bias


  paying attention to information that supports, not refutes your views
• Hostile Attribution bias


  assuming that someone has negative intentions with their behaviour without there being evidence of this