GENCHEM

• Thermodynamics the study of heat and its transformation.
• Entropy is a state function that measures the extent of energy dispersal through the number of microstates possible for a system, which is related to the freedom of motion of its particles.
• Gibbs free energy (G), is a function that combines the system's enthalpy and entropy.
• Standard molar entropy S (J/mol ' K) is affected by temperature, phase changes, dissolution, and atomic size or molecular complexity.
• A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed. It accomplishes this by providing an alternative mechanism with a lower activation energy.
• Homogeneous catalysts function in the same phase as the reactants.
• Heterogeneous catalysts act in a different phase from the reactants.
• hydrogenation of carbon-carbon double bonds takes place on a solid catalyst, which speeds the breakage of theH-H bond in H2.
• Enzymes are biological catalysts with spectacular efficiency and specificity.
• Chlorine atoms derived from CFC molecules catalyze the breakdown of stratospheric ozone.
• the second law of thermodynamics deals with Entropy

  FACT
• the entropy of the universe decreases in a spontaneous process

  BLUFF
• when the entropy change in the universe is greater than zero, the process is spontaneous


  FACT
• when the entropy change in the universe is equal to zero, the process is equilibrium

  FACT
• the second law of thermodynamics tells us that heat always flows from a body at a higher temperature to a body at the lower temperature

  FACT
• if the reaction produces more gas molecules than it consumes, the entropy change is positive

  FACT
• if there is no net change in the total number of glass molecules, the entropy change is negative

  BLUFF
• digestion of food is a spontaneous process

  FACT