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• Literature Review


  Identifying, locating, and analyzing documents that are related to your study
• Purpose of Literature Review


  • Determine what has already been done about your topic
  • Prevent from duplicating another research
  • Gives wider understanding of the topic
  • Determines the direction of the study
  • Demonstrates underlying assumptions
  • Provides enough knowledge
  • Refines research questions
  • Provides an opportunity to identify gaps
• Materials for Literature Review


  • Articles
  • Reviews
  • Abstracts
• Guidelines for Literature Review


  • Materials should be relevant or related to the topic
  • Materials should be recent
  • Come from several sources
• APA 7th Edition Style


  Common citation format
• Components of APA Citation


  • In-text
  • Reference List - Alphabetical, Hanging Indent
• Citation


  Give credits or to acknowledge someone when taking a work from others
• Components of Citation


  • Author
  • Date
  • Title
  • Source
• Author


  Don't include (Dr.) and etc. (Personal Titles)
• Date of Publication


  • Year
  • Month, year
  • Day, month, year
  • Year Range
• 7 Notable Changes in APA 7th Edition


  • Publisher location is not included
  • In-text citations are shortened
  • Up to 20 authors in the reference list
  • DOIs are formatted as URLs
  • Citing web pages (no retrieved from)
  • Citing E-books
  • Including contributors other than authors
• Inclusive and bias-free language


  Use singular "-they", Be sensitive to labels, Appropriate level of specificity
• Acceptable Fonts


  • TNR (12)
  • Arial (11)
  • Georgia (11)
  • Calibri (11)
  • Lucida Sans Unicode (10)
• No more running heads in APA 7th Edition
• Updated heading styles in APA 7th Edition
• Observation


  Questions are answered through observing the actions of the participants
• Types of Observation


  • Participant Observation
  • Overt Participant Observation
  • Cover Participant Observation
  • Naturalistic Observation
  • Laboratory Research
  • Simulations
• Participant Observation


  Researchers are participating and interacting
• Overt Participant Observation


  Participants are aware that they are being observed
• Cover Participant Observation


  Participants are not aware, to obtain richer and more detailed observations
• Naturalistic Observation


  Observing participants in their natural setting
• Laboratory Research


  Unrealistic in terms of costs or would affect the subject's behavior
• Simulations


  Recreates a particular situation, Participants may portray a role, No guarantee if it would be the same in a natural environment
• Interview


  Partnered with observation
• Types of Interview


  • Structured
  • Semi-structured
  • Informal Interview
  • Retrospective
• Structured Interview


  Verbal questionnaires, Set of questions are prepared
• Semi-structured Interview


  Participants are asked by open-ended questions
• Informal Interview


  Determines how the participant acts in certain situations
• Retrospective Interview


  Recall and reconstruct something that happened in the past
• Types of Interview Questions


  • Background questions
  • Knowledge questions
  • Experience questions
  • Opinion questions
  • Feeling questions
  • Sensory questions
• Background questions


  Background info, e.g. age, education
• Knowledge questions


  Factual information, e.g. asking about school information
• Experience questions


  Focused on what the participant is doing presently
• Opinion questions


  Asked how participants think on certain topics, Beliefs, values, attitudes
• Feeling questions


  Emotional responses
• Sensory questions


  Focused on the five senses
• Reminders on how to gather data


  • Respect the culture of the group being studied
  • Respect the individual
  • Act naturally
  • Develop rapport with the participant
  • Ask the same question in different ways
  • Ask the interviewee to repeat an answer when there is some doubt
  • Vary who controls the flow of communication
  • Avoid leading questions
  • Do not ask questions that can be answered by yes or no
  • Ask questions only one at a time
  • Do not interrupt when the interviewee is talking
• Focus Group Discussion


  Interview with a small group of people
• Documentary Analysis


  Content analysis, Study human behavior indirectly
• Ethnography


  Aims to get a holistic picture of a specific group, Studies the culture of one group