Pre-Finals

• Biological Evolution - these are changes, modifications, and variations in genetics and inherited traits of biological population from one generation to another.
• Cultural Evolution - this refers to the changes or development in cultures from a simple form to a complex form of human culture. It happens as a result of human adaptation to different factors like climatic changes and population increase.
• Theory of Evolution - On the origins of species by means of Natural Selection. This is Darwin's examination of geological formations.
• Natural Selection - the outcome of processes that affect the frequencies of traits in a particular environment. Traits that enhance survival and reproductive success increase in frequency over time.
• Natural Selection - every species is made up of a variety of individuals wherein some are better adapted to their environment compared to others.
• Natural Selection - organisms produce progeny with different traits that can be inherited.
• Natural Selection - survival of the fittest
• From Hominids to Homo Sapiens Sapiens: The biological evolution of modern man
• Fossils - human, plant, and animal remains that have been preserved through time.
• Artifacts - Objects that were made and used by humans.
• Hominids - are distinguished from apes most notably because of their bipedalism, and by their larger brain size.
• Prehuman Stages Of Evolution

  1. Salehanthropus
  2. Ardipithecus
  3. Australopithecus
• Human Stage Of Evolution

  1. Homo
• Sahelanthropus

  • appeared 6-7 million years ago
  • skull - similar to austrolopithecus and modern man
  • height - similar to chimpanzee
  • brain - 1/2 of human brain
• Ardipithecus

  • appeared 5.6-4.4 million years ago
  • height - 4 feet
  • weight - 120 pounds
  • skull - size similar to ape
  • small brain
  • bipedal
  • lined in jungles and forests
• Australopithecus

  • appeared 5-1 million years ago
  • "southern ape"
  • brain - 1/3 of human brain
  • upright and bipedal
  • tool users
  • used sticks and stones
  • food scavengers
  • ate insects, eggs, plants, fruits, and sometimes meat
• Gracile Australopithecines

  • Anamensis - the earliest form of australopithecine species. It is found in Kenya, and is small and build with teeth similar to the later Afarensis.
• Afarensis - female hominid nicknamed "Lucy".

  -small hominid

  -small brain

  -large teeth

  -arms and legs are same length
• Africanus

  • lived in the southern part of Africa. There are two Africanus "off" lines. Australopithecus robustus and boisei.
• Homo Species - modern human stage
• Homo Habilis

  • handy man
  • 3-4 feet
  • 700cc brain size or half human brain
  • mad tools called oldowan
  • smash and grab
• Homo Erectus

  • hand axe tools
  • first to use fire
  • lived in caves and branches
  • first homo to use language
  • skillful hunters
  • brainsize is 2/3 of human brain
  • 5 ft and walks upright
  • peking man and java man
• Neanderthal (homo sapiens)

  • neander dusseldorf, germany
• Cro Magnon

  • southwestern france, spain and italy
  • fine artist
• Homo sapiens - thinking man
• 3 Principles of Natural Selection

  • variations
  • inherited
  • survival of the fittest
• Prehistory - this refers to the period of time before civilization and writing . It is the period of human history between the use of the first stone tools by hominins.
• Three archaeological periods

  1. Stone Age
  2. Bronze Age
  3. Iron Age
• Stone Age

  • Paleolithic (old stone age)
  • Mesolithic (middle stone age)
  • Neolithic (new stone age)
• Paleolithic Period

  • 2.5 million years ago to 10,000 B.C
  • early humans lived in caves
  • hunters and gatherers
  • basic stone and bone tools
  • use of fire
• Mesolithic Period

  • 10,000 BC to 8000 BC
  • small stone tools (polished)
  • spears and arrows
  • lived in camps nomadically
  • agriculture was introduced = permanent settlements
• Neolithic Period

  • 8000 BC to 3000 BC
  • from hunters and gatherers to agriculture and food production
  • advancements = tools, farming, home construction and art, including pottery, sewing and weaving.
• Bronze Age

  • bronze, copper, and tin alloy were discovered
  • harder metals = weapons and tools
  • more villages and cities began to form
  • organized government, law, and warfare
  • beginning of religion
• Iron Age

  • discovery of ways to heat and forge iron
  • further advancements in architecture = four room homes, royal palaces
  • emergence of writing systems and written documentation (alphabet)
• Hunting and Gathering Society

  • the oldest and most basic way of economic subsistence
  • The primary mode of sustaining life is by “hunting” animals and gathering.
  • Supposedly crafty because they make use of simple tools for day-to-day basis.
  • The concept of inequality does not exist.
  • Possessing a nomadic lifestyle in order to hunt.
  • Barter system (food for food)
• Horticultural Society

  • Money or currency is the main medium for transacting or exchange.
  • Own crops of land for farming (garden)
  • Barter system was abandoned.
  • Social inequalities blossomed as for gender roles.
  • “Elites” rised as to having power.
• Pastoral Society

  • Money or currency is the main medium for transacting or exchange.
  • Domesticating animals
  • Animals are also used for transportation.
  • Barter system was abandoned.
  • Social inequalities blossomed as for gender roles.
  • “Elites” rised as to having power.
• Agricultural Society

  • Increase of social inequalities
  • Farming
  • Humans also domesticated animals and grow seedlings.
  • animal domestication provided important contributions to the neolithic people
• Industrial Society

  • production of goods = advanced sources of energy to drive large machinery
  • water power and then steam boilers to operate mills and large machines
  • rapid change = sparked the birth of sociology
  • weakening of close working relationships
• Post-industrial Society

  • the production of information using computer technology
  • less labor force
  • heart of globalization
  • technology has improved life and brought the world's people closer