Reading and Writing

• Book Review - describes and evaluates a work of fiction or nonfiction and offers the book’s overall purpose, structure, style of narration to the unknown readers. It tells not only what a book is about, but also how successful it is at what it is trying to do. It is a sneak peek at a book, not a summary.
• Literature Review - is a type of academic essay that examines what has already been written about a topic. As a collection of published research about your topic by recognized scholars and researchers, it is a way for you to examine also what has already been done in regard to your research question or problem. Likewise, it summarizes and synthesizes the conducted research driven by guiding principles
• 1.      Introduction

  -Defines the topic and the scope being considered o Notes intentional exclusions

  -States the general findings of the review and the availability of the sources
• 1.      Main Body

  -Organizes the evaluation of the sources whether chronologically or thematically

  -Showcases the critical summary and evaluation of the research’s premise, methodology, and conclusion
• 1.       Conclusion

  -Summarizes the key findings of the review

  -Offers the reviewer’s justification of the conducted research
• 1.       References o Reflects the in-text citations

  Contains complete and correct citations
• 1.      Summary - State briefly the argument and main points of relevant research
• Synthesis - Combine ideas in order to form an integrated theory or system through critical evaluation, compare/contrast, etc.
• Analysis - Examine closely the elements or structure of the research
• Evaluation - Assess the research based on the criteria or rubric that you choose, state, and explain. Support it with another similar research.
• Research Report

  •is a long, formal essay, usually five to fifteen pages in length, which presents the writer’s views and findings on a chosen subject. However, it is not just a long composition which follows the principles of good writing. It is a scholarly work and not just a collection of notes lifted from many different sources and strung together, one after the other.
• References – This section provides a list of each author and paper cited in the research report. Any fact, idea, or direct quotation used in the report should be cited and referenced.
• Discussion – This section is where the results of the study are interpreted and evaluated against the existing body or literature. In addition, should there be any anomalies found in the results, this is where the authors point them out. Finally, it is an attempt to connect the results to the bigger picture and show how the results might be applied.
• Result – It longer research papers, the results section contains the data and perhaps a short introduction. Ideally, the interpretation of the data and the analysis is reserved for the discussion section.
• Methodology - This is arguably the most important section for two reasons: (1) it allows readers to evaluate the quality of the research, and (2) it provides the details by which another researcher may replicate and validate the findings. Typically, the information in the methodology section is arranged in chronological order with the most important information on top of each section.
• Introduction - It provides the key question that the researcher is attempting to answer and a review of any literature that is relevant. In addition, the researcher will provide a rationale of why the research is important and will present a hypothesis that attempts to answer the key question. Lastly, it should contain a summary of the key question following the completion of the research.
• Abstract – It is an overview of the research study and is typically two to four paragraphs in length containing 200-300 words. Think of it as an executive and technical summary that distills the key elements of the remaining sections into a few sentences.
• Title - It reflects the content and emphasis of the project described in the report. Similarly, it should be as short as possible, including essential key words.
• Project Proposal - is a document that is written for problem solving, service provision, event planning, or equipment selling. Generally, proposals are used to convince the reader to do what the proposal suggests, such as buying goods or services, funding a project, or implementing a program.
• Proposals in the professional world are used for internal (within an organization) and external (from one organization to another) purposes. They are ways of generating income for companies or seeking funding for projects. This is provided to the sponsor of the project for approval.

   
• 1.      Gathering the Data – One of the characteristics of an effective proposal is being well- researched. It needs concreted data to back up its claims so it can become more credible. You can gather data from primary and secondary sources, and apply the strategies that you learned in writing a research paper in the previous lessons.
• 1.      Organizing the Data – A proposal becomes more effective if the information on it is clearly organized. You can use the parts of the proposal to guide you in your organization, or use an outline to structure your discussion more effectively.
• 1.      Writing the Proposal – Fill out the parts of the proposal with the relevant data.
• 1.      Revising the Proposal – Make sure to review your proposal for accuracy and organization before you send it out. A good proposal will be comprehensive and will put your organization in the best light.
• Introduction - This part provides the background necessary for understanding the project,
• a.      Rationale - this identifies the problem to be addressed and shows the need to solve it.
• a.      Objectives - these reveal what the project intends to achieve in terms of results. It also gives the reader an idea of the intended solution. Good objectives are SMART (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Results oriented, and bound within a realistic Time frame).
• a.      Benefits - these show what the reader or the target audience can gain from the proposal, which may be improvements in processes or systems, an increase in revenue, or a change in behavior of the beneficiaries of the proposal.
• Project Description -  This section gives specific information about the project itself. It indicates how the project will address the identified problem
• a.      Methodology – this entails the different activities, the project will take on, including the manpower (i.e., the people involved and their duties), resources to be utilized and the expanded output.
• a.      Schedule - this discusses the task duration and expected start and end dates of each activity in the project.
• a.      Budget - this presents an analysis of all the costs anticipated in the project, which can be itemized or shown as a whole, depending on the needs of the project.
• • Position Paper is a composition that highlights an opinion of an author or specified entity about an issue. As a debate, it presents one side of an arguable opinion and persuades the readers or audience that the author has a well-founded knowledge
• I.                    The Introduction – identifies the issue that will be discussed and states the author’s position on that issue.
• The Body – contains the central argument and can be further broken up into sections:
• Conclusion – restating the key points and when applicable, suggest resolution to the issue