Excep: L4-L5

• Intellectual Disability

  disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior
• Intellectual Disability are limitations expressed in:

  • conceptual
  • social
  • practical adaptive skills
• Intellectual Disability originates before age 18
• All people with Intellectual Disabilities can be improved
• Supports

  strategies and resources that require one to participate in activities associated with normal human functions
• Classification based on IQ

  • Mild: 50 to 70
  • Moderate: 35 to 50
  • Severe: 20 to 35
  • Profound: below to 20
• Prenatal Causes

  • Chromosomal Disorders
  • Inborn Metabolism Errors
  • Developmental Disorders Affecting Brain Formation
  • Environmental Influences
• Chromosomal Disorders

  1. Down Syndrome
  2. Fragile X Syndrome
  3. Prader-Willi Syndrome
  4. Williams Syndrome
• Down Syndrome

  extra chromosome at 21st pair (Trisomy 21)
• Down Syndrome = moderate Intellectual D.
• Down Syndrome Screening:

  • Maternal Serum Screening (MSS)
  • Amniocentesis
  • Chrionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
  • Nuchal Translucency Sonogram
• Fragile X Syndrome

  bottom of X (23rd) chromosome is pinched off in some blood cells
• Fragile X Syndrome = mild - moderate Intellectual D.
• Prader-Will Syndrome

  deletion of a region on Chromosome 15
• Prader-Will Syndrome is inherited from the father
• Prader-Willi Syndrome = normal - mild Intellectual D.
• Williams Syndrome

  absence of material on 7th pair of chromosome
• Williams Syndrome = mild - moderate Intellectual D.
• Inborn Metabolism Errors

  • Phenylketonuria (PKU)
• Phenylketonuria (PKU)

  inability of the body to convert a Phenylalanine to Tyrosine
• Phenylketonuria (PKU)

  phenylalanine accumulation results in abnormal brain development
• Developmental Disorders Affecting Brain Formation

  • Microcephalus
  • Hydrocephalus
• Microcephalus

  abnormally a small and a conical - shaped head
• Microcephalus = severe - profound Intellectual D.
• Hydrocephalus

  cerebrospinal fluid accumulation inside/outside the brain
• Environmental Influences

  • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
  • Rubella (German Measles)
• Perinatal Causes

  • Anoxia and Hypoxia
  • Premature
• Postnatal Causes

  • Biological
  • Psychosocial
• Biological

  • Meningitis
  • Encephalitis
• Psychosocial

  • abuse, neglect, or understimulation
• Psychoscocial = mild Intellectual D.
• Assessments

  1. Intelligence Test
  2. of Adaptive Behavior
  3. of Quality of Life
  4. Accommodations & Alternate A.
• Intelligence Test

  • Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V): Verbal Comprehension Index, Visual Spatial Index, Fluid Reasoning Index, Working Memory Index, and Processing Speed Index
• Assessment of Adaptive Behavior

  • The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale: communication, daily living skills, motor skills, and maladaptive behavior
• Assessment of Quality of Life

  • Quality of Life Questionnaire: satisfaction, well-being, dignity
  • Life Experiences Checklist: home, relationships, freedom
• Accommodation and Alternate Assessment

  • scheduling, presentation format, response format
• Systematic Instruction

  an educational consideration that uses Instructional Prompts, consequences of performance, and strategies for stimulus control
• Strategy of Time Delay

  Basic Instruction - Time Delay - Next Feedback

  • Constant - lessened time delay as it progresses
  • Progressive - increased time delay
• Instruction in Real-Life Settings with Real Materials

  educational consideration that starts in classroom instruction, then supplement in external situations
• Service Delivery Models

  less severely intellectually disabled students are the most integrated