MAY 6

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Created by
Aleoni Sala

Cards (93)

  • Section 13 of the same Act (5527) is hereby amended

    1. Accreditation of Schools of Medical Technology and of Training Laboratories
    2. Upon the recommendation of the Medical Technology Board, the Department of Education and Culture shall approve schools of medical technology
    3. The Professional Regulation Commission upon recommendation of the Medical Technology Board shall approve laboratories for accreditations as training laboratories for medical technology students or post graduate trainees upon satisfactory evidence that said laboratories possess qualified personnel and are properly equipped to carry out laboratory procedures commonly required in the following fields: bacteriology, serology, parasitology, hematology, biochemistry and blood banking, and that the scope of activities of said laboratory offer sufficient training in said laboratory procedure
  • Important Philippines laws related to the practice of Medical Technology

    • Republic Act No. 5527: Philippine Medical Technology Act of 1969
    • RA 4688: Clinical Laboratory Act of 1966
    • RA 7719: National Blood Services Act of 1994
    • A.O. No. 2008-0008: Rules and regulations governing the regulation of Blood service facilities
    • RA 8504: "Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control Act of 1998"
    • RA 9288: NEWBORN SCREENING ACT OF 2004
    • RA 9165: COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 2002
  • Staining citations

    • Giemsa-leukocyte differentiation
    • Methyl green-Chromatin staining
    • Bismarck brown-contrast stain for Gram's Acid fast and Papanicolau. Used for Diphtheria organisms
    • Orcein-excellent for elastic fibers, for dermatological studies for delicate and finest skin fibers
    • Congo Red-Stain for fresh materials in smear preparations
    • Iodine-The oldest stain. Used for starch granules, amyloid, cellulose, carotene and Glycogen
    • Van Gieson- simplest method for differential staining of collagen
    • Congo red-Stain for axis cylinders of embryos
    • Janus Green B-Mitochondria demonstration
  • Fixatives notable information

    • Heidenhain's Susa solution - recommended for tumor biopsies especially of the skin
    • Glacial acetic acid: It fixes and precipitates nucleoproteins. It precipitates chromosomes and chromatin materials
    • Carnoy's: Recommended for fixing chromosomes, lymph glands and tumor biopsies
    • Bouin's fluid- fixation of embryos. For fragmentary biopsies
    • Helly's- It is an excellent microanatomic fixative for pituitary gland, bone marrow and blood-containing organs such as the liver and spleen
    • B5- Commonly used for bone marrow biopsies
    • Picrates- Causes excessive yellowing of tissues
    • Brasil's Alcoholic picroformol- best routine fixative for glycogen than Bouin's solution
  • Common acid decalcifiers

    • Hydrochloric acid: inferior compared to nitric acid
    • Formic acid: moderate-acting decalcifying agent
    • Trichloroacetic acid – does not require washing out. Can fix and decalcify at the same time
    • Sulfurous acid– weakest decalcifying agent, only for minute pieces of bone
    • Chromic acid– used as fixative and decalcifying agent
    • Citric acid citrate buffer– does not produce cell or tissue distortion
  • Conversion factor

    The value which is 1 is seen in the following: Bicarbonate, Chloride, Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Osmolality
  • Solve for pH

    1. pH= pKa + log (base/acid)
    2. pKa is always 6.1
    3. base=HCO3- Total CO2- H2CO3
    4. acid= H2CO3= PCO2 x 0.03
  • Blood collection ideal angels of blood drawing
    • Arterial: 45 degrees
    • Femoral artery: 90 degrees
    • Venipuncture: Range: 15-30 degrees; ideal: 15 degrees
  • Notable anticoagulants
    • Anticoagulant for viruses and bacteria: First choice — bacteria — SPS. 2nd – heparin. For HIV - EDTA
    • Cells for HIV culture — ACD and Heparin
    • Tube for natriuretic peptide- first: EDTA; 2nd: heparin
    • Which anticoagulant has EDTA? lavender, pearl, pink, white, royal blue, tan
    • In vivo and In vitro anticoagulant: Heparin
  • Notable instrumentations

    • Blocked light: Turbidimetry
    • Voltage: Potentiometry
    • Scattered light: nephelometry
    • Gamma rays: scintillation counting
    • The emission of light during a chemical reaction which does not produce significant quantities of heat: Chemiluminescence
    • Property of absorbing light of short wavelength and emitting light of longer wavelength: fluorescence
  • Hormones for glucose control
    • Insulin: Only hypogylcemic hormone
    • Glucagon: Major hyperglycemic hormone
    • Secondary hormones for hyperglycemia: Epinephrine, cortisol, acth and GH
    • Negligible effect on hyperglycemia: Thyroid hormones
    • Indirect gluconeogenesis: ACTH
  • Thyroid hormones

    • The most potent thyroid hormone: T3
    • The bioactive thyroid hormone: T3
    • The parent thyroid hormone: T4
    • The most abundant thyroid hormone: T4
    • The preform thyroid hormone: T4
  • Common glucose methods
    • Most common method for glucose determination: Glucose oxidase
    • Used for interconversion of B-D-Glucose to A-D-Glucose and vice versa: Mutarotase
    • Reference method for glucose: Hexokinase
    • Uses Schiff's base: Orthotoluidine (Dubowski)
    • Measures reducing substances in urine or blood: Benedict's/ Clinitest
  • Fredrickson classification

    • Type 1---LPL deficiency (Chylomicronemia)--Increased: CM (TAG)
    • Type 2a -- Familial hypercholesterolemia -- Increased: LDL (cholesterol)
    • Type 2b - Combined hyperlipidemia (most common primary hyperlipidemia) -- Increased: LDL (cholesterol), VLDL (TAG)
    • Type 3 — Dysbetalipoproteinemia -- Increased: IDL, (+) beta-VLDL, (+) Apo E-II, (+) Eruptive and palmar xanthomas
    • Type 4 — Hypertriglyceridemia -- Increased: VLDL (TAG)
    • Type 5 -- Increased: VLDL (Endo.TAG), CM (Exo.TAG)
  • VLDL derivation

    1. if TAG >400mg/dl: VLDLc = TAG x 0.16; If TAG > 400, serum is turbid, cloudy or lactescent
    2. if TAG <400mg/dl: VLDLc = TAG/5
    3. in mmol/L: VLDLc = TAG/2.175
  • LDL computation

    1. VLDL= TAG/5
    2. LDL= Total cholesterol- (HDL + VLDL)
    3. Get the summation first inside the parenthesis before deducting it from the total cholesterol
  • NPNs

    • High levels of ammonia: Liver failure or encephalopathy
    • High levels of Creatinine, BUN and Uric acid: kidney disease or renal failure
    • High levels of Creatinine: muscle injury, extreme exercise and kidney disease
  • Ovarian Hormones

    • Increased during menopause and before menarche: E1
    • Increased during child-bearing years and is most potent: E2
    • Increased during pregnancy: E3
  • STERILIZATION PROCESS

    • Inspissation: Process of making a liquid or semisolid medium thick by evaporation or absorption of fluid
    • Not reliable. Spores may not be killed: Boiling
    • Used when steam may damage or fail to penetrate. 2 hours at 170°C. Kills spores: hot air sterilization
    • For Biomedical wastes and inoculating loops. Best for PRIONS: Incineration
    • One of the most effective against HIV and HEPA B: Chlorine
    • Is effective against most vegetative cells except Mycobacteria. Can also be used for cold sterilization technique: glutaraldehyde
  • Bacterial transport media

    • Amie's: B. pertussis
    • Cary Blair: Campylo and vibrio
    • Stuart's: leptospira and helicobacter(also Fletcher's). Also for viruses
  • Nitrate reduction test details

    1. Development of a pink to red color indicates the presence of nitrite, demonstrating the ability of the organism to reduce nitrate to nitrite
    2. If no color results, the organisms may have reduced nitrate beyond nitrite (as in the conventional nitrate test)
    3. Add a small amount of powdered zinc to the negative tube. The development of a red color indicates that unreduced nitrate was present in the tube and the organism was nitro-reductase-negative
  • Biochemical tests detectors/reagents

    • Nitrate and zinc dust: Nitrate reduction
    • PYR: L-pyrrolidonyl-B-naphthylamide
    • Indole: PDAB
    • VP: alpha napthtol
    • Oxidase: tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride
    • Urease: Ammonia production with pH indicators
    • Catalase: H2O2
  • Bacterial colonies and odors
    • Fish-like: V. cholerae
    • Garlic: C. diphtheriae
    • Pungent: S. odorifera and P. multocida
    • Musty: Nocardia asteroides, S. odorifera, streptomyces
    • Bleach-like: H. influenza and E. corrodens
    • Horse manure: C. difficile
    • Grape-like, Fruity and Corn Tortilla: P. aeruginosa
    • Apple-like/sweet: Alcaligenes odorans
    • Burnt gunpowder or ammoniacal: Proteus
  • Treponemal and diseases (focus only on the disease caused)

    • Syphilis
    • Yaws
    • Pinta
    • Bejel
  • E. coli serotypes clinical significances
    • ETEC: Traveler's diarrhea
    • EHEC: Shiga-like toxin and HUS
    • EIEC: Toxin indistinguishable from Shigella toxin
    • EPEC: common in infants and children
    • EAEC: Agglutination
    • EAEC and ETEC: With heat labile and heat stable toxins
  • Runyon Classification of NTM

    • Photochromogens
    • Scotochromogens
    • Nonchromogens
    • Rapid growers
  • Common fungal media

    • Ascospore medium: Detection of ascospores in ascosporogenous yeasts such as Saccharomyces spp.
    • Cornmeal agar: Identification of C. albicans by chlamydospore production; identification of Candida by microscopic morphology
    • Czapek's medium: Differential identification of Aspergillus spp.
    • Nigerseed agar: Identification of C. neoformans
    • Potato dextrose agar: Demonstration of pigment production by T. rubrum; preparation of microslide cultures and sporulation of dermatophytes
    • Rice medium: Identification of M. audounii
    • Saboraud's dextrose agar (SDA): Routine fungal isolation
  • Common Viral Families

    • Retroviridae: With reverse transcriptase: examples are HIV and HTLV- can cause tumors and cancers
    • Filoviridae: Includes deadly pathogens such as EBOLA and MARBURG, which cause fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans and primates
    • Herpesviridae: Some cause tumors and exanthems. Most show latency in nervous tissues
    • Polyomaviridae: Include BKV and JCV are known to cause, respectively, hemorrhagic cystitis in recipients of bone marrow transplantation
    • Caliciviridae: are often observed in patients with diarrheal illness. The best known of the human agents is Norwalk virus, which is a major cause of epidemics of self-limited diarrhea and vomiting in school children and adults
  • Virion size

    • Largest DNA virus: Mimivirus
    • Smallest DNA virus: Parvovirus
    • Largest RNA virus: Coronavirus
    • Smallest RNA virus: Picronavirus
    • Smallest infectious agent: Prions
  • Diagnostic specimens

    • S. stercoralis: stool and duodenal aspirates; blood
    • A. lumbricoides: stool, vomitus, blood
    • T. spiralis: muscle biopsy; serology
    • E. granulosus: cyst biopsy; serology, stool
    • T. trichura: stool, biopsy
  • Herpesviridae

    Some cause tumors and exanthems. Most show latency in nervous tissues.
  • Polyomaviridae

    Include BKV and JCV are known to cause, respectively, hemorrhagic cystitis in recipients of bone marrow transplantation
  • Caliciviridae

    Are often observed in patients with diarrheal illness. The best known of the human agents is Norwalk virus, which is a major cause of epidemics of self-limited diarrhea and vomiting in school children and adults.
  • Virion size

    • Largest DNA virus: Mimivirus
    • Smallest DNA virus: Parvovirus
    • Largest RNA virus: Coronavirus
    • Smallest RNA virus: Picronavirus
    • Smallest infectious agent: Prions
  • Diagnostic specimens

    • S. stercoralis: stool and duodenal aspirates; blood
    • A. lumbricoides: stool, vomitus, blood
    • T. spiralis: muscle biopsy; serology
    • E. granulosus: cyst biopsy; serology, stool
    • T. trichura: stool, biopsy
  • Trypanosomes

    • T. brucei gambiense: Central and West Africa; causes West African Sleeping sickness
    • T. brucei rhodesiense: Central and West Africa; causes East African Sleeping sickness
    • T. cruzi: America; causes Chaga's
  • Parasites with their secondary intermediate hosts

    • H. Heterophyes,C. Sinensis, O. Felineus: (fish)
    • P. westermani-crabs (also crayfishes)
    • F. gigantic, hepatica and buski: (plants /vegetation)
    • D. latum: (fishes)
    • E. ilocanum: snail
  • Notable IMVC results

    • citrobacter -+-+
    • edwardsiella ++--
    • coli ++--
    • enterobacter --++
    • klebsiella --++ except klebsiella oxytoca which is indole +
    • hafnia --++
    • morganella ++--
    • proteus ++-- except proteus mirabilis which is indole -
    • providencia ++-+
    • serratia -V++
    • yersinia V+--
    • salmonella -+-- except s. eteritides, which is citrate +
    • shigella -+--
  • Taenia solium

    • Common name: Pork tapeworm
    • Disease: Pork tapeworm infection/Taeniasis, Cysticercosis
    • Man can be DH or IH
    • Habitat: small intestines usually the jejunum
    • MOT: ingestion of infected meat, eggs, or autoinfection
    • Larva: Cysticercus cellulosae
  • Taenia saginata

    • Common name: Beef tapeworm
    • Disease: Taeniasis
    • Most common large tapeworm of human
    • Habitat: small intestine
    • MOT: ingestion of improperly cooked beef
    • Larva: Cysticercus bovis