General rule - normally D will not be liable when failing to act unless D has a duty to act but fails in that duty
Different duties include: contractual duty, duty through a relationship, duty through an official position, duty taken on voluntarily, duty through creating a dangerous situation
Special rule for doctors - a Dr failing to treat a patient is not liable for an offence if it is the 'best interests' of the patient
AR through a state of affairs
Some offences do not require mens rea
D is liable because of the situation they find themselves in
The actus reus is all that is required for the offence
