iNDICES USED IN DENTISTRY

• • "Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth"
  • Used as Measurement of Caries
  • Reference: Klein et.al. 1938
  • Describes the amount, and prevalence of dental caries in an individual
  • DMFT and DMFS are means to numerically express the caries prevalence and are obtained by calculating the number of
  • DMFT - either calculated for 28 (Permanent) teeth, excluding 18, 28, 38, and 48 (wisdom teeth) or dmft for 32 (deciduous teeth)


  DMFT/dmft
• • "International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS)"
  • Used for all levels of caries
  • Reference: Ismail et. al. 2007
  • Developed based upon the insight gained from a systematic review of literature on clinical caries detection system and other sources
  • The members of the coordinating committee of ICDAS have attempted to include the largest input of cariology community in the process of developing integrated criteria.


  ICDA
• • Sound
  • Enamel Caries

  ICDAS II SCORES (SCORE 0)
• • Opacity
  • First visible change only after air-drying
  • WHITE, BROWN
  • Enamel Caries

  ICDAS II SCORES (SCORE 1)
• • OPACITY
  • Distinct Visible change without air drying
  • WHITE , BROWN

  • Enamel Caries

  ICDAS II SCORES (SCORE 2)
• • Localised Enamel
  • Breakdown
  • Surface Integrity Loss
  • Enamel Caries


  ICDAS II SCORES (SCORE 3)
• • Underlying Dark Brown
  • +/- Surface Integrity Loss
  • Dentin Caries


  ICDAS II SCORES (SCORE 4)
• • Distinct Cavity with Visible Dentin
  • Dentin Caries


  ICDAS II SCORES (SCORE 5)
• • Extensive
  • Distinct Cavity With Visible Dentin
  • Dentin Caries


  ICDAS II SCORES (SCORE 6)
• • Community Periodontal Index Treatment Needs
  • BPE / CPI
  • Used for Periodontal treatment need
  • Reference: Ainamo et. al. 1982
  • A screening procedure which requires clinical assessment for the presence of periodontal rockets, calculus and gingival bleeding
  • A specially designed lightweight probe with a 0.5mm ball tip is used, bearing a black band between 3.5 and 5.5mm from the ball tip


  CPITN
• CPI Probe

  probe

  A) 11.5 mm

  B) 8.5 mm

  C) 5.5 mm

  D) 3.5 mm

  E) 0.5 mm

  F) 3.0 mm

  G) 3.0 mm

  H) 2.0 mm

  I) 3.5 mm

  J) 5.5 mm

  K) clinical examination

  
• Low and Silness 1963


  Plaque
• Silness and Loe 1964


  Gingivitis
• • "Developmental Defects of Enamel (DDE) Modified Index"
  • Used for Enamel Defects
  • Reference: Clarkson and O'Mullan 1989
  • DDE are alteration in quality and quantity of the enamel, caused by description and /or damage to the enamel organs during the amelogenisis process
  • The DDE Modified Index divides the defects into three types: Demarcated, Diffuse, and Hypoplastic


  DDE Modified
• DDE Modified

  DDE Modified

  A) Demarcated

  B) Hypoplasia

  C) Diffuse

  
• • Thylstrup - Fejerskov (TF) Index
  • Used for fluorosis
  • Reference: Thysltrup and Fejerskov 1978
  • Classifies dental fluorosis based on clinical appearance with scores ranging from 0 to 9, thereby allowing the determination of the mildest to most severe forms of dental fluorosis.
  • The TF index is very useful in regions with endemic fluorosis caused by the ingestion of water with a fluoride concentration above recommended levels. 


  TF Index
• • Dean's Index
  • Used for Fluorosis
  • Reference: Dean 1934
  • This index categorizes dental fluorosis on a six point ordinal scale as
  • ○ normal,
  • ○ questionable,
  • ○ very mild,
  • +○ mild,
  • ○ moderate, and
  • ○ severe
  • If two teeth are not equally affected, the less affected will be scored.


  Dean's Index
• Horowitz Index

  • Used for fluorosis
  • Reference: Horowitz 1986
  • Also known as “Tooth Surface Index of Fluorosis” (TSIF)
  • Provides clearer diagnostic criteria and provides for an analysis based on aesthetic concerns.
  • TSIF Index is more sensitive than Dean's Index in distinguishing between areas with different levels of fluoride.
  • Increasing severity of fluorosis and therefore the esthetic and public health importance of the condition are taken into account with the Index.


  Horowitz Index
• • Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need
  • It is used for orthodontic treatment need and assessment fo treatment need
  • Reference: Shaw et. al. 1991
  • The Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) is a rating system that's used to determine whether individuals qualify for an public health-provided orthodontic treatment.

  IOTN
• Simplified IOTN 5

  Simplified IOTN

  A) Impacted / Ectopic Teeth

  B) > 4 missing teeth

  C) > 9 mm Overjet

  D) > -3.5 mm reverse overjet

  
• Simplified IOTN 4

  Simplified IOTN

  A) Supernumerary Teeth

  B) < 4 missing teeth

  C) > 6 mm Overjet

  D) - 2 mm to 3.5 mm reverse overjet

  E) Crossbite with > 2 mm displacement

  F) > 4 mm contact point displacement

  G) Deep overbite & trauma

  H) > 4 mm AOB

  
• Simplified IOTN 3

  Simplified IOTN

  A) > 4 mm overjet

  B) < - 2mm reverse overjet

  C) Crossbite with > 1 mm displacement

  D) < 4 mm contact point displacement

  E) Deep overbite (No trauma)

  F) < 4 mm AOB

  
• Simplified IOTN 2

  Simplified IOTN

  A) >2 mm overjet

  B) < 2 mm contact point displacement

  
• Simplified IOTN 1

  Simplified IOTN

  A) Minimal irregularity

  
• • "Peer Assessment Rating" (PAR)
  • Used for Orthodontic treatment need and assessment of treatment need
  • Reference: Shaw et. al. 1991
  • Enables a standardised objective assessment of orthodontic treatment outcome to be made
  • It is a reliable and valid weighted index, which can be used to calculate the degree of improvement of orthodontic cases using start and finish plaster casts of the teeth

  PAR
• • " Basic Erosive Wear Examination" Index
  • Reference: Bartlett et. al. 2008
  • The most severely affected surface in each system in each sextant is recorded with a four level score and the cumulative score classified and matched to risk levels which guide the management of the condition.
  • Used to identify Erosion and wear

  BEWE Index
• BEWE index

  BEWE index

  A) 0

  B) 1

  C) 2

  D) 3

  E) No erosive tooth wear

  F) Initial loss of surface texture

  G) Distinct defect, hard tissue loss <50% of the surface a

  H) Hard tissue loss > 50 % of the surface area

  I) 2 and 3 dentin often is involved

  
• • "Root Caries Index"
  • Used to identify root caries
  • Reference: Katz 1980


  RCI