discipline

• Structural functionalism is a sociological theory that revolves around the notion that a society is composed of a system of interconnected parts that have their own particular functions.
• Functionalism views societal living shaped and guided by social structures or the patterns of social relationships between groups or individuals.
• Social structures formed among groups or institutions
• macrostructures, which include religion, education, tradition, and culture.
• On the other hand, social structures established among individuals or within groups that result in individual interactions are called microstructures.
• The effects of social structures or their purpose are called social functions.
• A manifest function is the predicted, intended, expected, and knowable effect of a social structure. For example, people go to churches in order to pray and to hear mass.
• A latent function is the unintended outcome of social structure. So, if the manifest function of going to church is to pray and hear mass, its latent function is to gather people together in one place to reinforce the sense of community.
• A manifest dysfunction is the predicted, expected, and knowable disruptions of a social structure. For example, illegal immigration disrupts the economic system of a host country through the usage of public services of individuals who are not paying taxes.
• A latent dysfunction is the unpredicted and unexpected disruptions of social structures.
• o   Parsons identified the different systems that make up the structure of society, which he called systems levels. The system he expounded on are cultural, social, and personality. All these system work and interact with one another in some level to provide structure to the society.

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• o   Cultural system is the structure that the society generated throughout history so that people can socialize and live together as a community.
• o   Personality system refers to how individuals affect society through their personalities, attitudes, behaviors, beliefs, and other characteristics.
• o   The middle-range theory allows itself some level of experimentation to ground theories more to reality.
• o   Political socialization is the means by which proper civic conduct, duties, and good citizenship are promoted, and societal values and beliefs are passed on to the younger generation.
• o   Recruitment is the way by which political systems attract the interest of the public through participation in debates and other engagements.
• o   Functional unity presupposes that everything works optimally all the time and that distortions exist in society.
• o   Communication is the means by which society learns about the issues and affairs of the state.
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  Marxism is a sociological, political, and economic philosophy that is based on the ideas and theories of Karl Marx (1818-1883).
• The cycle of production and consumption continued to create an economy, which became known as industrial capitalism. This development provided factory owners with profits that enabled them to invest in factory expansion.
• o   Ideological control - the ideas of the ruling class are instilled in society through the institutions it dominates. The ruling class manipulates the minds so that the masses will remain subservient.
• o   Class conflict – the manipulative force of capitalism create tension between the classes.
• o   Communist society – characterized by classless society having common ownership of property and resources.
• Symbolic Interactionism is a theory on society that focuses on individual’s interactions with objects and other people.
• o   Humans are perceived to be active social actors who willingly negotiate their roles and identities within and through the system
• o   Language allows communication through which attitudes, opinions, emotions, and ideas are conveyed between individuals.
• o   Role play is important as it makes the individual confine his or her actions by the expected roles assigned to him pr her.
•    Play allows an individual to act in another role or capacity.
• o   Primary group the first group where a person belongs and where the individual develop his or her ideas, beliefs, values, and self.