science

• • digestive system 


  processing of food for nutrients
• • ingestion


  the intake of food either by chewing or drinking

  the tongue receives stimuli from the brain to determine the taste
• • digestion


  the process of breaking the food into soluble molecules

  1. mechanical digestion
  2. chemical digestion
• the saliva in our mouth contains an enzyme called amylase which digest sugar molecules
• in the esophagus, the food moves to the stomach thru peristalsis
• gastric juice breaks down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins
• • absorption


  passing of soluble molecules or nutrients into the circulatory system via the capillaries

  water is also absorbed by the body in the large intestine
• the internal folds of the small intestine is known as villi
• • assimilation


  molecules moves into the cells for different cellular processes
• • excretion


  also called defecation which removes the undigested materials or the left overs from the body
• • interphase(non dividing)


  characterized by the increase in size and dna replication in preparation for cell division

  1. G1
  2. S
  3. G2
• 1. G1 phase (cell growth)


  cellular contents and chromosomes are duplicated
• 2. S (Synthesis) phase


  DNA replication takes place
• DNA or Deoxyribonucleic acid Replication is the process wherein in DNA makes an identical copy of itself
• 3. G2 phase (rapid growth)


  the cells continues to grow and double check all the necessary requirements in preparation for cell division
• • M phase (dividing)


  cell division takes place in this stage to form daughter cells

  1. Mitosis
  2. Meiosis
• 1. Mitosis


  during this stage, cells divides to form two identical daughter cells containing the same chromosome number from the mother cell
• 23 chromosomes = haploid
• 46 chromosomes = diploid
• • Meiosis


  during this stage, cells divides to form four haploid daughter cells which contains half of the chromosome number of the mother cell

  1. prophase
  2. metaphase
  3. anaphase
  4. telophase
• • gastrointestinal diseases


  diseases that could possibly occur in the human digestive system

  1. diarrhea
  2. constipation
  3. gallstones
  4. hepatitis
  5. appendicitis
  6. hemorrhoids
  7. diabetes
  8. halitosis
• 1. diarrhea


  occurs when loose or watery stool is excreted from the body 3 or more times a day
• 2. constipation


  this happens when the peristalsis or bowel movement in the digestive system is too slow

  this is caused when the large intestine absorbs too much water making the stool more compact
• 3. gallstones


  these are solid deposits of digestive fluid caused by too much cholesterol, bile salts, or calcium intake
• 4. hepatitis


  an inflammation in the liver

  commonly caused by too much consumption of alcohol and toxins

  • hepatitis A
  • hepatitis B
• • hepatitis A (infectious hepatitis)


  caused by hepatitis a virus or HAV

  it spreads through ingestion of contaminated food or watre
• • hepatitis B (serum hepatitis)


  only transmitted through blood transfusion or through sexual interaction with an infected person
• 5. appendicitis


  the inflammation of the appendix

  this occurs when it is obstructed by a hard mass of stool

  needs an immediate surgery called appendectomy
• appendectomy is the surgery to remove the infected appendix
• 6. hemorrhoids (piles)


  occurs when the walls of the rectum and anus are stretched so thin, it can be swollen or inflamed

  can be treated through a procedure called sclerotherapy
• sclerotherapy is a procedure for treating blood vessels malformations
• 7. diabetes


  a metabolic disease caused by a defective pancreas

  it occurs when your blood glucose or blood sugar is too high
• 8. halitosis (bad breath)

  caused by bacteria build up in the mouth
• centromere connects two sister chromatids
• 1. prophase


  the thickening of chromosomes
• 2. metaphase


  divalent align at the center of the cell or the metaphase plate
• 3. anaphase


  the splitting of sister chromatids

  bivalent separates going to opposite poles
• 4. telophase


  the chromosomes that cluster at the two poles start coalescing into an undifferentiated mass, as the nuclear envelope starts forming around it