Criminology unit 4

• Bill


  Proposal for a new law or to change an existing law presented for debate in parliament
• Green Paper


  Initial report by the government to provoke public discussion before presenting a bill
• White paper


  A document setting out plans for legislations includes a dead version of the bill
• First Reading


  The bill is read in the chambers and a vote is taken
• Second Reading


  Main debate on a bill where principles are considered
• Committee Stage


  Detailed examination of the bill by a small number of MPs from different parties
• Report stage


  Committee members report back to the House. The House reviews amendments to the bill.
• Third Reading


  Final stage of a bill aiming to refine and remove loopholes (tidying up stage)
• House of Lords


  If the lords make changes ti the draft law is it sent back to the commons to agree. Any common changes it is sent back to the lords. Ping pong process
• Royal Assent


  Approval of a bill by the monarch after both houses agree, making it law
• Judicial Precedent


  Legal principle based on past decisions to ensure consistency and fairness
• Statutory Interpretation


  Process of interpreting written law to understand words and phrases in statutes
• Literal Rule


  Interpreting law based on the exact wording, sometimes leading to absurd results
• Golden Rule


  Interpreting law to avoid absurdity by modifying word meanings
• The mischief rule


  The oldest rule giving more discretion to judges. Judges ignore the literal meaning of the wording of t he law and instead makes his decisions based on what the law was intending to achieve rather than what it actually says
• Crime Control Model


  Presumption of guilt

  Trust the police

  Suppression of crime= goal

  Police should be free from legal technicalities

  Favours conveyor belt

  Emphasise on the rights of Victim rather than suspect
• Crime control supported theory's


  Functionalism-punishment reinforces moral boundaries and strengthens social solidarity

  Right realism- conservative approach to justice e.g zero tolerance
• Due Process


  Presumption of innocent till proven guilty

  Power of state= threat to freedom

  Goal=protect the accused

  Suspects rights must be safeguarded by set of due process rules that investigator & trials must follow

  Rules an procedure protecting their rights form an obstacle course that prosecutors must over come e.g threshold test
• Due process supported theory's


  Left realism- police must be lawful and take a liberal approach

  Labelling theory- stop police labels and oppression
• Law Enforcement in England and Wales

  43 regional police in England and Wales responsible for enforcing the law, investigating crimes, catching offenders, detaining, and arresting suspects
• Roles of Police


  Police issue cautions or fixed penalties, but in some cases, send cases to the court to decide

  • Police play a crucial role in upholding the law by enforcing statutes and ensuring public safety

  • Using holistic approaches to prevent criminal activities through community engagement

  • Ensuring the safety and security of the public

  Answer phone calls 24 hours a day
• Prison Statistics


  117 prisons in England and Wales

  104 gov run and 13 ran by HMPPS

  currently 87,000 people in prisons highest rates in Europe
• Magistrates Court


  • Start of all cases only 5% progress, handling less serious criminal matters

  Issues fines, determine guilt or innocence

  • Presided over by magistrates who issue fines and determine guilt

  • Provides local justice and contributes to regional concerns
• Crown Court


  Higher judicial authority for serious criminal cases

  • Judges or juries preside, determining guilt or innocence

  cases transferred from magistrates court to crown court

  • Handles complex proceedings and severe penalties in major criminal trials

  Deals with indictable offences
• Probation


  Supervises offenders who are serving their sentences or have been released

  Aims to rehabilitate offenders and prepare for crime free life

  assess and manages offender risk

  facilitate rehabilitation and reintegration

  ensures public safety by monitoring offenders
• CPS (Crown Prosecution Service)


  The CPS is an independent prosecutions service in England and wales established in 1986 and deals with over half a million cases year

  Prosecutes crimes, advises police on cases, and prepares evidence for court Prepares and presents legal cases, liaises with police, and manages offender
• Police - relationship between agencies


  CPS- provide evidence for prosecution of offenders

  Courts-provide evidence as prosecution witness, protection for vulnerability

  Prison-can send offenders to prisons whilst on bail

  Probation- arrest prisoners for breaching the terms on license. Police responsible for managing sex offenders on release
• CPS -Relationship between agencies


  Police-advising possible lines of enquiry and evidence collection to build case; instruct them on charging suspects(full code test)

  Courts- preparing and presenting the prosecution case against offenders, preparing appeals against overly lenient sentences
• The courts- relationship between agencies


  Probation- supervises offenders who have been given a community sentence by the courts, drug testing under the courts

  Prison service- hold prisoners attending court, pending their transfer, return to prison, arranging video recordings
• Prison service- relationship between agencies


  Courts-carrying out all custodial sentence that the courts have imposed on offenders; supervising df who have been remanded into courts custody; facilitating visits from the defence lawyers to their clients in prison

  Police- facilitating interviews with prisoners involved in ongoing police investigation

  Probation- liaising when a prisoner is to be released from prison on license
• Probation -relationship between agencies


  Police-May need to re arrest a person on probation e.g break curfew or restraining order

  Prison- supervising prisoners who are released and on licence or parole. Includes oversees all prisoners who have served a sentence up to 2 years and released on license for minimum 12 months

  Courts- preparing sentences reports on offenders, supervising offenders who have been given a community sentence by the courts; Supervising drug testing under the courts order
• Roles of prisons


  Retribution. To punish individuals for committing a crime

  Incapacitation. Removing the harm posed to the public

  Deterrence. Deterring those who commit crimes

  Rehabilitation. Actions to rehabilitate the mindset and behavior of a prisoner.
• Social Control


  Strategies to prevent deviant behavior.
• Internal Social Control


  These are controls over our behaviour that comes from within ourselves. From our personality or our values
• Freud's Theory of Personality


  Includes ID, Ego, and Superego components.
• Super Ego


  Unconscious moral principles influencing behavior.
• Tradition and Culture


  Passed values and customs through generations.
• Rational Ideologies


  A term uses to describe the fact we internalize social values and use them to tell us what is right and wrong
• Deterrence


  Using punishment to prevent future crimes.
• General Deterrence


  Fear of punishment that prevents others from committing similar crimes e.g fines, custodial sentences, community sentences,curfew