Booklet 3

• Demography is the study of what?


  populations

  -class

  -age

  -gender

  -ethnicity
• What causes a population increase or decrease?

  birth rate

  death rate

  migration
• What term is given to death rates?

  Mortality rates
• Name a killer disease of the 19th century


  Tuberculosis

  Scarlet fever

  Diphtheria

  Measles
• How many people died (per million) from TB in 1838?

  4000
• What term is given to people who get sick?

  Morbidity rate
• What did Mckeown suggest?


  McKeown suggested that deaths from infectious diseases had already fallen dramatically before the introduction of modern medicine
• What was McKeown?


  Epidemiologist
• What caused death rates to fall during the end of the 19th- 20th century

  Nutrition and Sanitation
• Improvements in nutrition- how?


  - fertilisers (higher yields)

  - selective breeding

  - refrigeration

  - government laws (food safety)

  - people became more affluent
• Improvements in sanitation- how?


  - sewers (wcs)

  - clean water (reservoirs, pipe infrastructure)

  - street lighting (stopped death from crime and accidents)
• When was the public health act?

  1875
• What did the public health act do?


  - sewerage and drains

  - fresh water supply

  - collect rubbish

  - provide street lighting
• What is food adulteration?

  Food being tampered with (adding dust to flour)
• What was it called when government didn't get involved in people's lives?

  Laizzes Faire
• What is the term for when governments should get involve?

  State Intervention
• What was the great sink 1858?

  the Thames was built- took 13 years and cost £3mil
• What did rationing do for the population?


  The poorer people got an improvement in their living standards

  Minimum wages

  Rent control
• What was the life expectancy in 1800s?

  40 years old
• What was the life expectancy in 1900s?

  50 years old
• What is the life expectancy today?

  81.5 years old
• What is the average age of women regarding the birth of their first child?

  28.8 years old
• How many children are born to the over 40s? (Ten year old data)

  4%
• How has the fertility patterns changed in the recent years?


  Over 40s are having more children then under 20s
• What was the average family size in 1870s?

  6 children
• What was the average family size in 1996?

  1.8 children
• What is the current family size?

  1.6 children
• What are the reasons for the decline in the birth rate in the UK?


  -Cultural Change

  Sue Sharpe, female empowerment

  -Structural Change

  Equal pay act 1970, Sex discrimination act 1975

  -Women have children later

  29 years old

  -Couples remain childless

  1 in 5
• 1870 Foster Education Act


  Children had to go into education it was illegal to make them work
• What does economic dependence mean?


  It is where someone in a family doesn't add to the financial and are a burden
• What will the elderly to young proportion be in 2060?

  8% of the population will be 80+

  5% of the population will be 0-4
• What % of the population will be over 65+

  2031
• What groups of people depend on the state for support?

  Elderly

  Children

  Economically inactive
• Cost of children for the state


  -free childcare up to 5 years old

  -low price for medical care

  -universal child benefit (£20 first child)

  -selective benefits for children in poverty (free school meals)

  -education (5-18)
• Cost to the state of ageing populations


  -high medical care (NHS)

  -universal old age pensions

  -means tested benefits

  -social care
• What % of hospital bed time do old people make up?

  50%
• What % of the annual £1 billion NHS drug bill do old people make up?

  60%
• Names some taxes payed in the UK


  -council tax

  -income tax

  -national insurance

  -VAT

  -excise duty
• How much of the government's expenditure is on old?


  State pensions- 12%

  Health- 10%

  Welfare- 17%

  Total- 39%
• How much is social care a year for an old person?

  12,000££