GENERAL BIOLOGY 4TH QUARTER

• Reproduction


  A biological process by which an offspring is being produced by its parent or parents
• Purposes of Reproduction

  • Procreation
  • Quality Improvement
• Procreation


  Reproduction sustains the species so that it does not become extinct
• Quality Improvement


  Allow mixing of genetic materials leading to variation among individuals in a species
• Types of Reproduction

  • Sexual Reproduction
  • Asexual Reproduction
• Sexual Reproduction


  • Involves two parents
  • Each contributes a specialized gamete (an egg or sperm)
  • Fuse to form the fertilized egg or zygote
  • Organism combines the genetic information from each of its parents and is genetically unique
• Fertilization


  The fusion of sperm and egg
• Types of Fertilization

  • Internal Fertilization
  • External Fertilization
• Internal Fertilization


  Fusion of male and female gametes that takes place inside the body

  
• External Fertilization


  Fusion of male and female gametes that takes place outside the body

  
• Asexual Reproduction


  • One parent copies itself to form a genetically identical offspring
  • Does not involve gametes, instead parts of a mature organism may develop into new individuals
• Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction

  • Fission
  • Budding
  • Fragmentation
  • Regeneration
  • Vegetative Propagation
  • Spore Formation
• Fission


  Division of the body into two or more new bodies
• Binary Fission


  Parent cell divides into two equal halves called daughter cells
• Multiple Fission


  Organisms divides itself into numerous daughter cells
• Budding


  A new individual arises as an outgrowth (bud) from its parent develops organs like those of the parent and then detached itself
• Fragmentation


  Breaks into two or more parts, with each fragment becoming a complete individual
• Regeneration


  When a lizard loses its tail, it grows a new one
• Vegetative Propagation


  Plants reproduce asexually through their vegetative parts such as leaves, roots, stem, and buds
• Spore Formation


  Specialized reproductive cells called spores are produced by an organism
• Internal Fertilization


  A male animal releases its sperm cells inside the body of a female animal to fertilize an egg
• Ways of Internal Fertilization

  • Oviparity
  • Ovoviviparity
  • Viviparity
• Oviparity


  The fertilized egg forms a shell with the yolk and the developing offspring inside, laid and hatched outside the parent's body

  
• Ovoviviparity


  The fertilized egg forms a shell with the yolk and the developing offspring inside the body, egg stays inside the female parent's body

  
• Viviparity


  Develop the offspring inside female parent, the fertilized egg does not form a hard shell and yolk, the offspring receives nourishment through the parent's body (via placenta)
• External Fertilization


  Parents release sex cells into an external environment, where fertilization takes place
• Need a watery environment to prevent the sex cells from drying out
• Some plants grow new plants from fruits and seeds
• Plants form seeds through sexual reproduction
• Plants need to reproduce to produce offspring so that the plant population can still exist and live on Earth
• Sexual Reproduction in Plants


  Female egg and male sperm, flowers, pollens, seeds, fruits, cones
• Fertilization


  Meeting of male and female gametes, needs to happen to produce seeds

  
• Pollination


  Helps facilitate fertilization, transfer pollen grains from an anther (in the male part) and a stigma (in the female part)
• Perfect Flower


  Most flowers are hermaphrodites, they contain both male stamen and female pistil parts in the same flower

  
• Major Parts of Flower

  • Stamen
  • Pistil

  
• Stamen


  Male reproductive flower parts, produces pollen grains
• Parts of the Stamen

  • Anther
  • Filament
• Anther


  Pollen sac, produces the pollen grains
• Filament


  Supports and makes the anther accessible to the agents of pollination
• Pollen grains


  Powdery materials that contain the male gamete