phardose

• Spirits


  • Non aqueous liquid
  • Essences - clear, saturated, alcoholic (usually over 60%)
  • When mixed with water or with an aqueous preparation, the volatile substances present in the spirits generally separate from the solution and thus forming a turbid or a milky preparation
  • Also called: Hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile oils, Aromatic substances
• Active Ingredients of Spirits


  • Aromatic water
  • May be solid, liquid, or gas
• Storage of Spirits


  Stored in a tight light-resistant container in a cool place to prevent evaporation of the alcohol or the active principle
• Uses of Spirits


  • Medicinal value - can be taken orally, applied externally, or used by inhalation
  • Flavoring agent
• Preparation of Spirits


  1. Simple Solution

  2. Solution with Maceration

  3. Solution by Chemical Reaction

  4. Distillation
• Compound Orange Spirit


  • Non-medicated spirit
  • Synonym: Spiritus aurati compositus
  • A clear, colorless, liquid alcoholic solution with the characteristic odor of orange
  • Used as a carminative, flavored elixir, and diluent for aqueous internal preparation
• Preparation of Compound Orange Spirit


  1. Place 21.75 mL of alcohol in a beaker

  2. Stir in the orange oil, lemon oil, coriander oil, and anise oil until oils are dissolved thoroughly

  3. Filter the resulting solution until it becomes clear, and add the alcohol to make the required volume
• Peppermint Spirit


  • Medicated spirit
  • Synonyms: Essence of peppermint, Spiritus mentos, Piperitas, Mentha Piperita
  • A clear brilliant green solution with odor and taste of peppermint
  • Used as Carminative (for flatulence), for nausea and vomiting
• Preparation of Peppermint Spirit

  1. Remove as much stems from the peppermint leaves as possible and tear them into coarse particles

  2. In a beaker, add 20mL of alcohol and stand for 1 hour (with frequent agitation)

  3. Filter through filter paper

  4. Add the amount of peppermint oil (computed amount) to the filtrate

  5. Complete the required volume with alcohol (sufficiently add)
• Aromatic Ammonia Spirit


  • Spirit
  • Synonyms: Smelling salt
  • Clear yellow solution with strong ammonia odor; pungent and has a sharp irritating odor
  • Mild reflex respiratory stimulant
  • Treat or prevent syncope or fainting

  
• Tincture


  Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions prepared using vegetable materials or animal drug or from chemical substances
• Preparation of Aromatic Ammonia Spirit

  1. Dissolve Ammonium carbonate in strong ammonia solution and 6 mL of purified water (Mixture 1)

  2. In another container, dissolve all the volatile oils in alcohol (Mixture 2)

  3. Gradually add the mixtures

  4. Add enough water to make 30 mL

  5. Stand for 24 hours. Agitating occasionally

  6. If turbidity occurs, filter it

  
• Tinctures


  • 10-20% potency, equivalent to 10-20 g of solute in a 100mL solvent
  • Less than 50% alcohol content
  • Stored in tight light resistant container and avoid exposure to direct sunlight and excessive heat
• Preparation of tinctures

  1. Simple Solution

  2. Percolation

  3. Maceration
• Extractives


  Product prepared by extraction of drug with suitable solvent
• Extraction methods


  1. Percolation

  2. Maceration

  3. Digestion

  4. Infusion

  5. Decoction
• Extract


  Product prepared by extraction of drug with suitable solvent, 2x to 6x more potent than crude drug
• Types of extracts


  1. Semi-Liquid

  2. Pilular

  3. Dry Powder
• Fluid Extract


  Liquid preparations of vegetable drug (prepared by percolation) containing alcohol as a solvent made that each mL contains 1g of drug
• Iodine Tincture


  Topical Tincture, Synonym: Tincture of Iodine, Tinctura Iodi, Solutio Iodi, Spiritucae Weak Solution of Iodine
• Simple solution method is used in the preparation of Iodine tincture
• Alcohol used was 49% diluted alcohol
• Sodium Iodide acted as a solubilizing agent of the poorly solubilized iodine crystal
• Iodine tincture should be stored in tight container to prevent loss of alcohol
• Sodium Iodide


  • Acts as a solubilizing agent for the poorly solubilized iodine crystal
  • Prevents the formation of Ethyl iodide which reduces the bacteriostatic activity
  • Used to stabilize the tincture and make it miscible with water in all proportions
• Iodine


  • Will react with I2 to form sodium iodide thus iodine will not react with alcohol, ethyl iodide, aldehyde and the hydrogen iodide in the solution
  • When handling iodine crystals, remove jewelry and do not use a stainless spatula because iodine is corrosive; they will react with each other
  • Before weighing iodine crystals, cover the weighing pan with aluminum foil
• Ethyl Iodide


  • Lowers bacteriostatic activity
  • If hydroiodic acid was formed, the solution would be moved when applied to wounds