STS

• The biodiversity we have in the Philippines is very rich, but sadly, this is not being utilized
• Lack of innovative exploration
• Biotechnology

  The use of living organisms or their products to enhance our lives and our environment
• Science


  The study of the material universe—which improves overtime [dynamic]
• Belief Knowledge


  Knowledge about the world is inherent and unique in each human being. It is attained by individual revelation.
• Research Knowledge


  Gathering of knowledge from the material world
• Research knowledge is based on a protocol
• Bioluminescence


  The emission of light from a living organism
• Green fluorescent protein (GFP) not from bacteria
• Bioluminescence In Bacteria Was First Discovered From a Nocturnal Squid That Glows!
• Bioluminescence and symbiosis in squid


  Light organ countershaded moonlight
• Expression of bioluminescence


  Cell population – dependent (1970, Nealson, Platt and Hastings)
• Quorum sensing


  • Low cell density: No bioluminescence
  • High cell density: Bioluminescence
• Scientific Method application in the study of bioluminescence


  1. Question

  2. Background Research

  3. Hypothesis

  4. Testing (Experiment)

  5. Analyze

  6. Report
• Bioluminescent bacteria were isolated, they produce Novel antibiotics, some are indigenous- discovery of new species!
• Bioluminescence in arts and aesthetics


  • Avatar
  • Hunter Cole of Loyola University Chicago produces Living drawings made from several Petri dishes of bioluminescent bacteria
  • Symbiotic light Project by Dr. Kathy Takayama and John Nicholson, Japan
• Bioluminescence as environmental biomarkers


  • Danger of landmines [accidentally stepping on this leading to losing foot or worst, death
  • Bioluminescent tobacco plant [bioengineered]
  • Genes from soil bacteria for the detection of trinitrotoluene (TNT), dinitrotoluene (DNT) and other chemicals found in explosives for metabolic activity or growth
  • lux genes for bioluminescence
  • Bioluminescent weeds
• Oil spill's effects to the environment, specifically in the marine biodiversity


  • Death of marine animals
  • Unsanitary method of solving the problem: sacks+hairs
• Biosensors/Biomarkers for toxic substances and pollutants


  • Mercury Hydrocarbons (oil spills) Toxins (meat products/ poultry)
  • Increased population of genetically engineered bacteria
  • Increased luminescence
  • Decreased concentration of toxins & pollutants
  • Decreased Population of bacteria
  • Decreased luminescence
• The Philippines is the fifth most mineral-rich country in the world for gold, nickel, copper, and chromite
• The Philippines is home to the largest copper-gold deposit in the world
• All the regions (except NCR and ARMM) in the country allow mining operations
• ARMM ceased issuing permits de to the on-going peace process between the Moro Islamic Liberation Front and the national government
• About 30 million hectares of land areas in the Philippines are deemed as possible areas for metallic minerals
• Of these, only a small percentage has been covered by present mining permits
• The Philippines metal deposit is estimated at 21.5 billion metric tons and non- metallic minerals are at 19.3 billion metric tons
• Labor department statistics show that mining in the Philippines has created 211,000 jobs in 2011 alone. The figures have doubled since 2006
• The mining industry's gross production value has consistently increased through the years
• In 2010, the mining industry reached $3.2 billion
• The Mining Act of 1995 allows for foreign ownership of mining assets and exploration permits
• The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the foreign investors' participation in mining activities in 2004
• Mining tax is low at 2% for metallic and non-metallic minerals
• The current Aquino administration, however, wants to increase revenues through an additional 5% royalty tax for mining permits within mining reservation areas and increase the filing fee charges
• There are a total of 1,828 mining applications in the country, which will be directly affected by the Executive Order from the Aquino administration that does not allow new mining permits
• Responsible mining


  • Bring national and local economic gain
  • Gain from taxes
  • Generate jobs and wages
  • Protect and preserve the environment
  • Not generate ghost towns
  • Mine tailings
  • Communities especially the indigenous ones should not be displaced
• Mining in Chile

  • Government is part-owner
  • Mining company is required to restore and clean up the ecology of the mining site
• Mining


  Limited time period only up to 17 years and the resources are consumed
• Tourism


  • Long term and equal benefits
  • Needs no high skill manpower
  • Employment multiplier
• Garbology


  The study of modern culture through the analysis of what is thrown away as garbage
• Garbage


  Wasted or spoiled food and other refuse, as from a kitchen or household; it is also a thing that is considered worthless or meaningless