organismal diversity exam 4

• Genetic evidence shows which taxa is a "sister tax on" to the rest f the animal kingdom?

  A) sponges (phylum Porifera)

  B) choanoflagellates

  C) Plnatae

  D) fungi

  Sponges ( phylum porifera)
• What structure comes from the mesoderm layer during animal embryo development?


  Blood, muscle, connective tissue, bones
• Digestion in most sponges is achieved through...

  Ascomycetes
• Which is a characteristic of all existing animals?

  A) completely heterotrophic

  B) multicellularity

  C) has a body cavity that holds organs

  D) sexual reproduction

  Multicellularity
• The rapid cell division after the formation of animal zygote is called...

  Cleavage
• True or false? Genus Xenoturbella has three germ layers, bilateral symmetry, but has no circulatory or excretory system


  TRUE
• Fungal hyphae with multiple genetically distinct nuclei are called?

  Heterokaryotic
• Chytridiomycosis is caused by_______ in phylum ______ and it has caused the global decline of ________

  A) Tuber, Ascomycota, birds

  B) Candida, chytridiomycota, barely

  C) Psuedogymnoascus, Ascomycota, bats

  D) Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), chytrdiomycota, frogs

  D) Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), chytrdiomycota, frogs
• most ectomycorrhizae are

  Basidiomycetes
• Asperigillosis is a lung fungal infection caused by the member of the


  Ascomycota
• True or false: in club fungi, the majority of biomass is in the mushroom structure

  False
• Which I of the following regarding the symbiosis between fungi and other organisms is true?

  A) the leaf cutter ants collect pieces of plant leaves to use it as some sort of fungicide

  B) Ectomychorrhizae is more common than arbiscular mycorrhizae fungi to form symbiosis with plant roots

  C)fungi cannot form symbiosis with fungi

  D) symbiotic fungi can be found within a ruminant animals digestive tract o help with digestion

  D)
• In sexual reproduction, fungi hyphae can send out_______ in order to search for compatible hyphae to mate

  Pheromones
• Which is false regarding the tardigrada?

  A) in can survive extreme harsh environmental conditions

  B) it grows by shedding cuticle

  C) it has segmented body parts

  D) it is a sister taxon to phylum annelida

  D)

  It is NOT a sister taxon to phylum annelida
• What so hox genes do?


  They determine where certain genes should be "Turned on"

  They are all associated with the head neck, and thorax
• What is a body plan?


  a set of morphological and developmental traits
• What is a clade?


  A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants. (One ancestor on a tree)
• What is a grade?


  Organisms that are grouped based on shared key biological features, rather than shared ancestry
• What things can determine an animals phylogeny and classification?


  Body plan, symmetry, tissues, body cavities, fate of blastopore
• Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes


  Protostome-

  - becomes the mouth

  - Cleavage is spiral and determinate

  - Cell fate is already determined in the cleavage stage

  Schizocoelous has the splitting of endo and ectoderm to make mesoderm

  
  

  Deuterostome-

  - becomes the anus

  - Cleavage is radial and indeterminate

  - Cells fate is not decided yet

  - Chordata, hemichordata, echinoderms

  - Enterocoelous is just pinched off the endoderm to make the mesoderm (mini mouse ears)
• Characteristics of Phylum Porifera


  - Sponges are sedentary animals that lack true tissues, organs, and symmetry

  - No Hox genes

  - Basic life functions are achieved by individual cells
• The defining reproductive structure of Ascomycota


  - SAC FUNGI- Many fungi in this group have asci structures(finger-like projections) that bear sexual ascospores.

  - They also have asexual conidiophores (single, round vesicles) that bear a sexual spore conidia.
• Phylum Zygomycota (bread molds) facts/ characteristics


  - conjugating fungi) genus Rhizopus this is the "bread mold" that you find in your kitchen.

  - Resistant

  - Zygosporangium as sexual stage
• Phylum Glomeromycota facts / characteristics


  - (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi {AMF})

  - Form arbuscular mycorrhizae with plants
• Phylum Ascomycota (sac fungi) facts/ characteristics


  - sac fungi) Genera: morchella (morel), saccharomyces (bakers/ brewing yeast), Aspergillus, Penicillium

  - Sexual spores (ascospores) borne internally in sacs called asci: ascomycyetes also produce vast umbers of a sexual spores (conidia)
• Phlum Blasidiomycota (club fungi) facts/ characteristics


  - (Club Fungi) mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, jelly fungi. This fungi has "gills" and basidia

  - Elaborate fruit in body (basidiocarp) contains many basidia that produce sexual spores (basidiospores)
• good ascomycetes


  - Saccharomyces cerevisiae (bread yeast)

  - Penicillium (first antibiotic)

  - Marcella esculenta and tuber melanosporum are both edible
• bad ascomycetes

  - Mycosis (animal fungal infection)

  - Candida (diaper rash, vaginal yeast infection)

  - Aspergillus (aspergillosis)

  - Claviceps purpurea - parasites on grains of grasses (rye, barley, wheat) these can produce a variety of alkaloids such as...

  - Ergotamine - vasoconstrictor

  - Ergonovine - uterine contractions

  - Engine - gastrointestinal toxin, seizures, formication

  - Lysergic acid - hallucinations
• White-nose syndrome and the declining of bats in NA (cont'd)

  Characteristics and facts about bite nose syndrome in bats

  - Cased by ascomycetes (pseudogymnoadscus destructans)

  - Causes unusual winter behavior causing starvation

  - Killed 5.7-6.7 million NA bats between 2006-2013

  - Since outbreak, 2.4 million pounds if insects have gone uneaten

  - No treatment or way if stopping transmission

  - USFWS - discouraging caving
• The defining reproductive structure of Basidiomycetes and examples (genus and/or common names)


  - Club Fungi

  - puffballs, shelf fungi, jelly fungi. This fungi has "gills" and basidia, white button mushroom

  - Basidium ( a transit diploma stage in the life style

  - The life cycle of a basidiomycete usually includes a long lived dikaryotic mycelium

  - When there is environmental stimuli, the mycelium reproduces secually by producing fruiting bodies called basidiocarps (mushroom)

  - The basidia in a basidiocarp produce sexual spores called basidiospores

  - For most species the mushroom is the only fruiting body in the fungi, most of the biomass is the underground mycelium
• Examples of plant-animal symbioses and their ecological significance


  - Fungi can be mutualistic with plants, animals, algae, and Cyanobacteria

  - Mycorrhiza (fungus-plant) vesicular mycorrhizal fungi and ectomycorrhizal fungi

  - Endophytes (fungus-plant)

  (chytrids (fungi) live in ruminant animal stomach to help digest plant fiber

  - Ants use it to build farms. They use the leaves to gro fungi, which provides them with food
• The typical characteristics of animals and some examples of the odd ones


  - They can be eukaryotic, multicellular, and

  - Heterotrophic

  - Their bodies do not have a cell wall

  - Their bodies are held together by structural proteins such as collagen

  - With tissues that developed from embryonic layers

  - Nervous tissue and muscle tissue are unique to animals

  - Some animals can derive their own energy such as sea slugs
• The major stages during the early embryonic development (including structure names)


  Adult —> gametes —> fertilization—> zygote (first cell of next generation) —>. Embryo —> birth—> larva (sexually immature stage)

  Most of the adults are the diploid stage (a lot of male insects are haploid)
• What do hox genes regulate in the body?


  They help regulate the development of body form along the anterior/ posterior axis
• What is the cellular and molecular needs of multicellular organisms compared to unicellular organisms?


  Multicellular organisms need more communication, adhesives and team work than unicellular.

  Multicellular organisms rely on programmed deaths to review itself to keep going. By doing this is kills off cancer and tumors.

  The cell differentiation is also important, it tells each cell that it needs to be certain things... stomach, brain, germ layer, everything. This is crucial for the body to work.
• Ectoderm (outermost layer)


  embryo surface, developing mostly into epidermal and neural systems
• Mesoderm


  middle germ layer; develops into muscles, blood, bones, etc. and much of the circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems
• The three major differences between protostome and deuterostome animals


  Blastopore-Protostomes- is where the blastopore becomes the anusDeuterostomes- blastopore becomes the anusCleavageProtostomes- cleavage is a spiral and determinate (if they separate it will not work and will not make anything new)Deuterostomes- cleavage is radial and indeterminate (if you give it the right condition, the cell can develop into a whole other animal.Coelom formationProtostomes- schizocoelous (splitting)Deuterostomes- enterocoelous (mini mouse ear development)
• Endoderm

  innermost germ layer; develops into the linings of the digestive tract and much of the respiratory system
• Phylum Ctenophora (comb jelly or sea wallnut) characteristics


  - Exhibit bilateral symmetry which distinguishes it from the rest of the Eumetazoa: body has eight rows of fused cilia (combs)

  - No Hox genes

  - Three germ layers (like bilaterians)

  - Predators, but not stinging cells

  - It's phylogeny is still under intense debate