funda

• Prenatal/Intrauterine Development


  Lasts approximately 9 calendar months (10 lunar months) or 38 to 40 weeks depending on method of calculation
• Age of Gestation (AOG)

  38 - 40 weeks
• Pregnancy


  Divided into three periods called trimesters
• Trimester


  Three periods of pregnancy, divided into three months each
• Mother should avoid being ill during the first two semesters due to organogenesis. The organs of the baby may become underdeveloped
• Organogenesis

  The process of formation of organs from three germ layers (Week 3-8)
• Embryonic Phase


  Occurring in the first trimester, is the period during which the fertilized ovum develops into an organism with most of the features of the human
• Fetal heart is already present at first two weeks
• Three germ layers formed in the first three weeks


  • Ectoderm
  • Mesoderm
  • Endoderm / Entoderm
• Ectoderm


  Outer layer formed by the second week, includes epidermis, PNS, CNS
• Mesoderm


  Middle layer formed by the third week, includes kidneys, reproductive organs, bones, muscles, vascular system
• Endoderm / Entoderm


  Inner layer formed by the second week, includes intestines, lungs, liver
• Three other events occurring concurrently in the first three weeks


  • Embryo is implanted in the endometrium of the uterus
  • Fetal membranes differentiate into the chorion and the amnion
  • Placental function starts
• Fetal Phase

  Occurring in the second and third trimester of pregnancy, is characterized by a period of rapid growth in the size of the fetus
• Vernix Caseosa


  A protective covering that begins to develop over the skin, not removed since it may cause hypothermia
• Lanugo

  A fine downy hair that covers the body, mother can feel the movement of the fetus and the first fetal heartbeat may be heard at about 5 months
• Placenta


  A flat, disk-shaped organ that is highly vascular, normally forms in the upper segment of the endometrium of the uterus, facilitates the exchange of nutrients and gas between the embryo or fetus and the mother
• Chorion


  Precursor to the placenta
• Amnion


  Precursor to the amniotic sac
• At the end of the third trimester (9 ½ lunar months), the fetus has developed to approximately 50cm (20 in.) and 3.2kg to 3.4kg (7.0 lb to 7.5 lb.)
• Neonates


  Babies from birth to the end of first month
• Infants


  Babies 1 month to 1 year of age
• Anthropometric Measurement


  • Weight
  • Head/chest/abdominal circumference
  • Length measurement
  • Vital signs
• Vital signs (Baby must be calm before measuring)


  • HR: 120-160 bpm
  • RR: 40-60 bpm
  • Temp: 35.6-37 degrees Celsius (every 15 mins in the first hour)
• Weight


  At birth, most babies weigh from 2.7 kg to 3.8 kg (6.0 to 8.5 lb) / 2.7 kg to 3.2 kg, just after birth, most infants lose 5% to 10% of their birth weight due to fluid loss (Physiologic Loss), this weight loss is normal and infants usually regain that weight in about 1 week, after several days, babies usually gain weight at the rate of 150 to 210 g (5 to 7 oz) weekly for 6 months, by 5 months of age, infants usually reach twice their birth weight, and by age 12 months, three times their birth weight
• Length


  50 cm (20 in.)
• Head and Chest Circumference

  • At birth - 35 cm (14 in)

  3 months - 40 cm

  6 months - 43 cm

  1 yr - 45 cm

  2 yrs - 48 cm

  7 yrs - 50 cm

  12 yrs - 52 cm (almost the same as adults)
• Head Molding


  Fontanels are unossified (i.e., without bone formation) membranous gaps in the bone structure of the skull, Sutures are junction lines of the skull bones that override to provide flexibility for molding of the head, Craniosynostosis is premature closure of skull sutures
• Vision

  The newborn can follow large moving objects and blinks in response to bright light and sound
• Hearing


  Newborns with intact hearing will react with a startle to a loud noise, a reaction called the Moro reflex
• Touch


  The sense of touch is well developed at birth, skin-to-skin touching is important for an infant's development
• Smell and Taste


  The senses of smell and taste are functional shortly after birth
• Reflexes of the newborn

  • Rooting
  • Gripping
  • Toe Curling
  • Moro
  • Galant
  • Tonic neck
  • Grasp
  • Step
  • Crawl
• Sucking Reflex


  A feeding reflex that occurs when the infant's lips are touched, persists throughout infancy
• Plantar Reflex


  Similar to the palmar grasp reflex, an object placed just beneath the toes causes them to curl around it, disappears after 8-10 months
• Rooting Reflex


  A feeding reflex elicited by touching the baby's cheek, causing the baby's head to turn to the side that was touched, usually disappears after 4 months
• Tonic Neck Reflex (TNR) / Fencing reflex


  A postural reflex, when a baby who is lying on its back turns its head to one side, the opposite side of the body shows a flexing of the arm and leg, disappears after 4-6 months
• Moro Reflex


  Often assessed to estimate the maturity of the central nervous system, a loud noise, a sudden change in position, or an abrupt jarring of the crib elicits this reflex
• Stepping Reflex (Walking or Dancing Reflex)


  Can be elicited by holding the baby upright so that the feet touch a flat surface, the legs then move up and down as if the baby were walking, usually disappears at about 2 months
• Palmar Grasp Reflex


  Occurs when a small object is placed against the palm of the hand, causing the fingers to curl around it, disappears after 3-6 months