geography paper 1

• what is the definition of a natural hazard?

  a natural event that affects property and life
• types of natural hazards

  • climate/atmospheric hazards
  • tectonic
  • geological
• what are examples of climatic/atmospheric hazards?

  • tropical storms
  • drought
  • flooding
  • snow
• what are types of tectonic hazards?

  • earthquakes
  • volcanoes
  • tsunamis
• what are types of geological hazards?

  • landslide
  • mudflow
• what are factors affecting hazard risks?

  • poverty
  • farming
  • climate change
  • urbanisation
• what is the earths structure?

  • centre of the earth
  • inner core
  • outer core
  • mantle
  • crust
• what are convection currents

  movement within the earth's mantle cause by the radioactive decay (heat ) in the core
• what is the slab pull and ridge push 


  ridge push is a proposed mechanism for plate motion in the plate tectonics
• what is the distribution of volcanoes

  • found along plate boundaries
  • occur on long belts that follow plate margins
  • found along pacific plate margin(ring of fire)
• what is the distribution of earthquakes

  • mainly at the margins of tectonic plates
  • plates are moving and enormous pressures are built up and released
  • some earthquakes do not follow this pattern because of human activity
• what is an oceanic crust

  found underneath oceans
• what is a continental crust


  found under land masses or continents
• what is destructive


  two plates move towards eachother and most dense/heavy is subducted
• what is constructive


  two plates move apart/away from eachother
• what is conservative 


  two plates move side by side at different speeds or in opposite direction
• what does primary effect mean

  caused by the ground shaking (immediate effects)
• what are some examples of primary effects

  • deaths
  • injuries
  • homelessness
  • buildings destroyed
• what are secondary effects


  the result of primary effects(the knock on effects)
• what are some examples of secondary effects?

  • fires
  • landslides
  • tsunamis
• what is immediate responses


  search and rescue and keeping survivors alive by providing medical care, food, water and shelter
• what are long term responses


  re-building and reconstruction with the aim of returning people's lives back to 'normal' and reducing future risk
• what is common in chile

  earthquakes
• what is not common in nepal

  earthquakes
• what are reasons why people continue to live in areas at risk from a tectonic hazard

  • poverty
  • favorable area (coast)
  • fertile soil
  • better building design
  • hazards do not happen often
• what reduce the risks from a tectonic hazard

  • monitoring
  • prediction
  • planning
  • protection
• what is general atmospheric circulation model

  • involves a number of circular air movements called cells
  • air that is sinking forms an area of high pressure
  • air that is rising from the grounds surface forms an area of low pressure on the ground and winds move towards these areas low pressure
  • winds on the ground are distorted by the earth's rotation. they curve as they move from high to low pressure
• what is the weather at the equator

  • hot
  • sweaty
  • high rainfall
• why is the equator hot

  there is low pressure so it rains and its hot because there is high insolation
• what is the weather like at the tropics

  • hot
  • dry
  • lack of rainfall
  • deserts
• where are cyclones found

  Indian ocean
• where are hurricanes found

  Atlantic ocean
• where are typhoons found

  pacific ocean
• what are examples of monitoring

  • hurricane hunters
  • satellites
• what are examples of predicting

  • cones
  • supercomputers
  • teamwork
• what are examples of preparing/planning

  • education
  • evacuation
  • emergency kits
• what are examples of protecting

  • building design
  • building adaptation
  • storm surge defences
• evidence of climate change

  • shrinking glaciers
  • melting ice
  • rising sea level
  • seasonal changes
  • more intense hazardous weather events
  • temperature increase
• what are natural factors

  • orbital changes
  • volcanic activity
  • solar output
• what are some human factors

  • use of fossil fuels
  • agriculture
  • deforestation