Sci B

• Proteins, carbohydrates, and fats


  The 3 main macromolecules.
• Lipids


  These are made from fatty acids attached to an alcohol called glycerol. These are broken down into fatty acids, needed for energy.
• Carbohydrates


  A macronutrient that provides energy.
• Simple sugars (monosaccharides), double sugars (disaccharides), and complex carbohydrates


  The forms that carbohydrates can come in the form of (3).
• Glucose


  An example of simple sugars.
• Cellulose and starch


  Examples of complex carbohydrates (2).
• Type II Diabetes


  This is characterized by high levels of sugar in the blood and makes the body's cells resist the instructions of insulin.
• Insulin


  A hormone produced by the pancreas and instructs cells to take up glucose so it can be used to generate energy.
• Amino acids, proteins, and DNA


  These are featured in A-level syllabuses as the "molecules of life." (3)
• 300 or more amino acids


  A typical protein comprises of how many amino acids?
• Enzymes


  These are biological catalysts that speed chemical reactions in the body; They are mainly globular proteins with a rough shape.
• Protein Hydrolysis


  The process where the amino acids in proteins are set free.
• Peptide bonds


  The bonds between amino acids in proteins.
• At least one million times


  Enzymes typically increase the rate of a reaction by how much?
• Amylase


  An enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch to form sugars such as glucose.
• Protease


  An enzyme that digests proteins.
• Lipase


  An enzyme that breaks apart fats.
• Catalase


  An enzyme that helps to protect the body from oxidative damage by neutralizing hydrogen peroxide.
• Hydrogen peroxide


  A by-product of respiration.
• Ph/Ph Level


  Changing this can affect the rate of enzyme-controlled reactions.
• Pepsin


  This breaks down proteins into amino acids but works in highly acidic conditions.
• Trypsin


  This breaks down proteins into amino acids and resides in the small intestine.
• Carbohydrate drinks


  These became popular during the 1980s in endurance sports because it was a quick way of getting energy.
• Water


  Type of drink. This hydrates better than any other liquid, both before, during and after exercise.
• Cold water


  Which is absorbed by the body faster, cold water or room/body temperature water?
• Soft Drinks


  Type of drink. Contains mainly water, sugar, and flavoring and are meant to taste good, encouraging more to be drunk, resulting in better hydration.
• Sports Drinks or Isotonic Drinks


  Type of drink. This contains similar concentrations of salt and sugar to the body; Are designed to replenish the electrolytes lost during physical activity.
• Energy Drinks


  Type of drink. Contains sugar, caffeine and a variety of other ingredients such has taurine, guarana, and ginseng; Manufacturers claim that they boost performance but health experts say it is only due to the sugar and caffeine content.
• Fermentation


  This is an enzyme catalyzed, metabolic process whereby organisms convert starch or sugar to alcohol or an acid anaerobically releasing energy.
• Cellular respiration


  This refers to the formation of pyruvic acid by glycolysis where net 2 ATP molecules are synthesized. This is also the first process in fermentation.
• Pyruvate/Pyruvic Acid


  In fermentation, this is reduced to lactic acid, ethanol, or other products.
• Lactic Acid Fermentation


  Type of fermentation. Lactic acid is formed from pyruvate produced in glycolysis.
• Lactate dehydrogenase


  An enzyme that catalyzes lactic acid fermentation.
• Lactobacillus


  This bacteria prepares curd from milk via lactic acid fermentation.
• Alcohol Fermentation


  Type of fermentation. This is used in the industrial production of wine, beer, biofuel, etc.
• Alcohol and CO2


  The end product of alcohol fermentation.
• Acetaldehyde


  Pyruvic acid gets broken down into this and ethanol and CO2 is released.
• Pyruvic decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase


  These enzymes catalyze alcohol fermentation (2).
• Yeast


  ___ and some other bacteria carry out alcohol fermentation.
• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)


  The energy required for muscle contraction comes from a molecule called?