4th quarter

• Research design refers to a set of steps or procedures of inquiry used in any research
• PHENOMENOLOGY To describe experience as they lived
• PHENOMENOLOGY -

  Reality is subjective
• GROUNDED THEORY -Theory Development -discovering what problems exist in a social scene &how persons handle them -concept formation
• ETHNOGRAPHY - To describe a culture's characteristics
• ETHNOGRAPHY - Identify culture, variables for study, & review literature
• HISTORICAL -Describe and examine events of the past to understand the present and anticipate potential future effects
• HISTORICAL

  -Formulate idea - select topic after reading related literature -Develop research questions -Develop an inventory of sources - archives, private libraries, papers -Clarify validity & reliability of data - primary sources, authenticity, biases -Develop research outline to organize investigative process Collect data
• CASE STUDY -Describe in-depth the experience of one person, family, group, community, or institution -In-depth description of the experience
• Sample is a smaller set of cases a researcher selects from a large group and generalizes to the population. -is to collect cases, events, or actions that clarify and deepen understanding.
• Convenience Sampling -it involves choosing respondents at the convenience of the researcher. -easy access.
• Quota Sampling -sample that has been subdivided into classes or categories. -certain number
• Judgmental Sampling - in this kind of sampling, the researcher uses his/her own “expert” judgment.
• Field Observation - a careful and inquisitive “watching” of an individual,etch in their natural environment -not complete without a diary or field note
• Participant observation -researchers do not only came to observe but also to participate
• Non-participant observation -researcher assumes a detached perspective and aims to record as faithfully as possible the observation about the ways, culture, practices, language, and behavior of a group, community, org
• Individual Interviews -interview
• Structured interview -respondents a series of pre-established and similar questions -interviewer sticks t the list of questions and normally intends to ask only the set of questions in the list.
• Open-ended interview -is less contained because the interviewer usually starts an interview only with a very broad theme or topic and allows the interviewee to talk about the topic however they may want to respond.
• Group Interview of Focused Group Interview -a group interview od a focus group interview discussion consists of at least three participants being interviewed together at the same time..
• Homogenous FGD have common or similar trait such as gender, social class, or group.
• Heterogenous FGD is from diverse backgrounds, or group; in other words, the members have almost no similarities in terms or traits, social status, or background.
• ethics refers to questions of right or wrong.
• ethics is that it refers to norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior.
• Ethics:

  1. obtain informed consent from potential research participants,
  2. minimize the risk of harm to participants
  3. protect their confidentiality
  4. avoid using deceptive practices and give participants the right to withdraw from research