skeletal

• Anterior


  To the front, in front
• Posterior


  To the rear or back, behind
• Medial


  Towards the midline or axis
• Lateral


  Away from the midline or axis
• Proximal


  Near the root or origin (proximal of arm = shoulder)
• Distal


  Away from the root or origin (distal of arm = hand)
• Superior


  Above (towards the head)
• Inferior


  Below (towards the feet)
• Radius


  Proximal to humerus
• Femur


  Superior to tibia
• Metatarsals


  Inferior to patella
• Sternum is 15 anterior to vertebrae
• Types of Bones


  • Long
  • Short
  • Flat
  • Irregular
• Long bones


  • Longer than wide
  • Have a shaft made primarily of compact bone
  • Ends often contain spongy bone
  • Act as levers to create movement
• Short bones


  • Approximately same length and width
  • Cube-like appearance
  • Consist mostly of spongy bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone
  • Used for weight bearing and fine small movements
  • Provide stability
• Flat bones


  • Thin, flat, and slightly curved
  • Have a large surface area
  • Some have 36 pair bones
  • Protect vital organs
  • Attach muscles
• Irregular bones


  • Irregular shapes
  • Contain spongy bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone
  • Provide protection and attachment for muscles, support movement
• Sesamoid bones


  • Subcategory of short bones within tendons
  • Reduce friction between joints
  • Additional bones can sometimes form on the tarsals, metatarsals or incus bones
• Divisions of the Skeletal System

  • Axial
  • Appendicular
• Axial Skeleton


  • 80 bones
  • Along the long axis of the body
  • Core of the skeleton
  • Protects vital organs
• Appendicular Skeleton


  • 126 bones
  • Upper and lower limbs, shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle
  • Function is locomotion (walking, running)
  • Provide support
• Regions of the Vertebral Column


  • Cervical
  • Thoracic
  • Lumbar
  • Sacrum
  • Coccyx
• Cervical vertebrae


  • Allow the neck to move
• Thoracic vertebrae


  • In the chest region, mid spine, articulate with the ribs
• Lumbar vertebrae


  • In the lower back, support most weight, attach muscles
• Sacrum


  • Fused vertebrae that form the sacrum, part of the pelvic girdle
• Coccyx


  • Fused vertebrae that form the coccyx
• Postural deviations


  • Neutral
  • Kyphosis
  • Scoliosis
• Neutral posture


  Good posture, 3 natural curves, vertical when viewed from the anterior
• Kyphosis


  Increased forward curvature of the upper spine (hunchback)
• Scoliosis


  Abnormal curvature of the spine from left to right, creating an 'S' shape
• Ossification


  1. Process in which bones are formed

  2. Osteoclasts remove bone

  3. Osteoblasts bring calcium to the bone
• Exercise


  Increases osteoblasts, making bones stronger
• Epiphysis


  The ends of each bone that contain growing areas, allowing long bones to extend
• Diaphysis


  The shaft of a long bone that fuses with the epiphysis once fully formed
• Functions of the Skeletal System


  • Support
  • Protection
  • Attachment
  • Source of blood cell production
  • Storage of minerals
  • Leverage
  • Weight bearing
  • Reducing joint friction
• Classifications of Joints


  • Fixed
  • Slightly moveable
  • Synovial
• Fixed joints


  • Immovable, bones are fused together
• Slightly moveable joints


  • Bones are separated by pads of fibrocartilage, allowing slight movement
• Synovial joints


  • Freely moveable, high mobility, have a distinctive structure with a synovial cavity