Human Organism

• Define Anatomy


  The scientific discipline that investigates body's structures.
• Cite the levels at which anatomy can be studied

  Developmental anatomy

  Embryology

  Cytology

  Histology

  Gross anatomy

  System

  Surface anatomy

  Anatomical imaging
• Define developmental anatomy

  The structural changes between conception and adulthood.
• Define embryology

  Considers changes from conception to end of eight week of development.
• Describe cytology


  Examines the structural features of cells.
• Describe the histology


  Examines the tissues
• Gross anatomy

  The study of structures that can be studied without the aid of microscope.
• Define System

  A group of structures with one or more common functions.
• Explain surface anatomy

  The looking of the exterior of body to visualize deeper structures
• Explain Anatomical imaging

  The use of technologies to create pictures of internal structures.
• Anatomy


  The study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another
• Gross anatomy


  • Used whenever we look at our own body or study large body structures
• Microscopic anatomy

  • The study of body structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye. The cells and tissues of the body can only be seen through a microscope
• Physiology

  The study of how the body and its parts work or function
• Organ Systems

  • Integumentary
  • Skeletal
  • Muscular
  • Nervous
  • Endocrine
  • Cardiovascular
  • Lymphatic
  • Respiratory
  • Digestive
  • Urinary
  • Reproductive
• Integumentary SystemIt is the external covering of the body, or the skin, including the hair and fingernails

  • It waterproofs the body and cushions and protects the deeper tissues from injury
• Skeletal System


  • It consists of bones, cartilages, and joints
  • It supports the body and provides a framework that the skeletal muscles use to cause movement
• Muscular System


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  • The mobility of the body as a whole reflects the activity of skeletal muscles, the large, fleshy muscles attached to bones
• Nervous System


  • It is the body's fast-acting control system
• Endocrine System


  • Controls body activities, but it acts much more slowly
• Cardiovascular System

  The primary organs of the cardiovascular system are the heart and blood vessels
• Lymphatic System

  • The role of the lymphatic system complements that of the cardiovascular system
  • Its organs include lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid organs such as the spleen and tonsils
• Respiratory System


  • The job of the respiratory system is to keep the body supplied with oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide
• Digestive System

  • The digestive system is basically a tube running through the body from mouth to anus
  • The organs of the digestive system include the oral cavity (mouth), esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum plus a number of accessory organs (liver, salivary glands, pancreas, and others)
  • Their role is to break down food and deliver the resulting nutrients to the blood for dispersal to body cells
  • The pancreas, which delivers digestive enzymes to the small intestine, has both endocrine and digestive functions
• The urinary system removes the nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine
• Reproductive System


  • The role is to produce offspring
• Levels of Structural Organization


  • Chemical level
  • Cellular level
  • Tissue level
  • Organ level
  • Organ System level
  • Organismal level
• Necessary Life Functions


  • Maintaining Boundaries
  • Movement
  • Responsiveness
  • Digestion
  • Metabolism
  • Excretion
  • Reproduction
  • Growth
• Survival Needs

  • Nutrients
  • Oxygen
  • Atmospheric pressure
  • Normal body temperature
• Anatomical position


  The body is erect with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward
• Body Parts and Regions

  • Head
  • Neck
  • Trunk
  • Upper Limb
  • Lower Limb
• Subdivisions of the Abdomen

  • Epigastric
  • Umbilical
  • Hypogastric
  • Right Hypochondriac
  • Left Hypochondriac
  • Right Lumbar
  • Left Lumbar
  • Right Inguinal
  • Left Inguinal
• Planes of Section of the Body


  • Sagittal
  • Coronal
  • Transverse
• Planes of Section Through an Organ


  • Sagittal
  • Coronal
  • Transverse
• Other Body Cavities

  • Oral cavity and digestive cavity
  • Nasal cavity
  • Orbital cavities
  • Middle ear cavities
• Serous Membranes


  The cavity, or space, between the visceral and parietal serous membranes is normally filled with a thin, lubricating film of serous fluid produced by the membranes.
• Homeostasis


  The existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body despite fluctuations in either the external environment or the internal environment
• Homeostatic mechanisms


  • What does normally maintain body temperature near an average normal value or set point. Governed by nervous or endocrine system
• Negative Feedback Mechanism


  Negative feedback is when any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted.
• Cite the 3 Components of Negative Feedback Mechanism

  • Receptor
  • Control center
  • Effector