BIO2

• genetic testing - detect certain conditions produced by genes
• genetics - study of genes and their transmission from one generation to another
• genes - dna sequences that contain instructions for building proteins
• genome - the complete genetic material of an organism along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequence
• gene locus - location of a specific pair of genes
• chromosomes - a cellular structure of one dna molecule and associated protein molecule
• genotype - complete set of alleles inherited from parents
• phenotype - observable physical and functional traits
• homozygous - two identical alleles for a particular gene, e.g. BB
• heterozygous - two different alleles at a particular locus
• dominant - always expressed even if heterozygous
• recessive - will not be expressed if paired with a dominant allele
• gregor mendel - father of modern genetics, worked with pea plants in the 1850s in austria and did multiple genetic experiments to develop basic inheritance rules
• law of segregation - gametes carry only one allele of each gene, any other pairings will eventually seperate
• law of independent assortment - genes for different traits are seperated from each other independently during meiosis - crossing over
• law of dominance - dominant will always be expressed, recessive will only be expressed if it's recessive
• punnett square - a table which all of possible outcomes for a genetic cross between two individuals with known genotypes are given
• monohybrid cross - crossing of 1 trait
• dihybrid cross - crossing of 2 traits
• complete dominance - the dominant overpowers the recessive
• incomplete dominance - both alleles of a gene at a locus are partially expressed
• co-dominance - both alleles are expressed equally
• nondisjunction - failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly
• down syndrome - trisomy 21-extra copy of a chromosome in the 21st chromosome in the karyotype, mental development is retarded, short, epicanthic fold in the eye corner
• klinefelter syndrome - a taller, less muscular body that males in their age, broader hips and longer legs, larger breasts, weaker bones, smaller penis, and testicles, less facial and body hair following puberty. low energy level, delay in puberty or go a parcel amount
• turner syndrome (45, XO) - monosomy - absence of one member of a pair of chromosomes.
• jacob syndrome (47, XYY) - extremely tall, no facial and body hair, breasts development. osteoporosis, feminine fat distribution, small testis
• deletions - a piece of a chromosome breaks off
• translocation - breaks off and attaches to a different chromosome
• phenylketonuri (PKU) - a genetic disorder that causes a build up of phenylalanine in the blood
• tay-sachs disease (TSD) - fatal genetic disorder that most commonly occurs in children, resulting in progressive destruction of nervous system
• autosomal dominant disorder (huntington's disease) - caused by an inherited defect in a single gene.
• pedigree - often used to determine the mode of inheritance of genetic diseases
• biotechnology - the technical application of biological knowledge for human purposes
• genetic engineering - manipulation of genetic makeup of cells of whole organisms
• recombination of dna technology - applied science that explores applications of cutting, splicing, and creating DNA
• polymerase chain reaction - can be used to rapidly amplify DNA sequence to obtain millions of copies
• denaturation - heating the reaction strongly, 96C for 1 minute
• annealing - cooling the reaction to 55 to -65 for 45 sec
• extension - raising temp to 72c for 2 mins so Taq polymerase extends the primers, synthesizing new strands of DNA