geography papear 1 section a

• Urbanisation


  When an increasing percentage of a country's population come to live in towns or cities
• Increasing number of megacities in LIC and NEE countries e.g. India and Brazil
• Highest % urban is in HIC countries in northern hemisphere e.g. western Europe and North America at 75 – 100% urbanisation
• Lowest urbanisation is in central Africa with 0-25%
• Natural increase in population is also high in LICs and NEEs
• De-industrialisation


  The decline of a country's traditional manufacturing industry due to exhaustion of raw materials, loss of markets and overseas competition
• Many industrial buildings that are no longer used have become derelict in Manchester
• Dereliction


  Abandoned buildings and wasteland
• Media city


  • A rundown area with derelict buildings was regenerated with old factories developed into apartments, office, bars and restaurants
• Spinning Mill


  • An old textile factory developed into apartments
• Urban regeneration


  Reversing the urban decline by modernising or redeveloping, aiming to improve the local economy
• Air pollution causes 5000 deaths a year in Rio
• Heavy traffic causes build-up of exhaust fumes in Rio
• Mist from the Atlantic Ocean mixes with vehicle exhaust fumes and pollutants from factory chimneys in Rio
• Number of cars has grown by 40% in 10 years in Rio
• The worst waste problems are in the favelas in Rio
• Many favelas in Rio are built on steep slopes and have few proper roads which makes it difficult for bin lorries to access them
• Cable Car


  • Links the Complexo do Alemao favela which is built on a steep hillside to central Rio
• Squatter settlements


  An area of (often illegal) poor-quality housing, lacking in services like water supply sewerage and electricity
• Favelas are examples of squatter settlements
• Greenfield site


  A plot of land, often in a rural area or on the edge of an urban area that has not been built on before
• Brownfield site


  Land that has been used, abandoned and now awaits reuse, often found in urban areas
• Brownfield site being built on limits urban sprawl
• Urban sprawl


  Growth of urban areas into the surrounding countryside
• Urban greening


  Process of increasing and preserving open space in urban areas, i.e. public parks and gardens
• The Greenhouse Development in Leeds

  • An example of a zero-carbon sustainable urban living scheme
• In order to manage environmental issues UK cities have begun to build eco-homes and communities
• Infrastructure


  The basic equipment and structure (such as roads, utilities, water supply and sewage removal) that are needed for a country to function properly
• Transnational Corporation (TNC)


  Company that has operations (factories, offices, research and development, shops) in more than 1 country
• Coca-Cola


  • Is a Transnational Corporation
• Birth rate


  The number of births a year per 1000 of the total population
• Birth rates are high in LICs
• Death rate


  The number of deaths a year per 1000 of the total population
• Death rates are higher in LICs
• Life expectancy


  The average number of years a person is expected to live for
• Literacy rate


  Percentage of people in a country that can read and write
• Literacy rates are low in LICs
• Economic opportunity


  Chance for people to improve their standard of living through employment
• Social opportunities


  The chances available to improve quality of life i.e. access to education, health care etc.
• Urban deprivation


  Poverty and lack of access to services in urban areas