civics 7

• what purpose do grand juries serve?

  determine if there is enough evidence to charge a defendant with a crime
• which option happens in civil cases but now criminal cases?

  discovery
• ---- are more serious crimes, while ---- are less serious crimes?

  Felonies, misdemeanors
• what is the first step of a civil case?

  filling a complaint
• the prosecution in a criminal case will always be the governement?


  true
• most civil cases reach --- before trial?


  Settlement
• the ---- falls on the prosecution, meaning they need to convince all jurors the defendant committed the crime?

  burden of proof
• two third party systems exist to remedy a civil case before it reaches trial. name them?

  mediation
• the plaintiff argues against the defendant in a civil case, as the ----- argues against the defendant in a criminal case?

  prosecution
• prejury is a criminal act when someone does what?

  lies under oath
• defendants in a civil case can be found ---- or -----?

  Liable or not liable
• plea bargins can be made in which step?

  arraignment
• which ancient babylonian created a judicial system where the punishments precisely matched the crimes?

  Hammurabi
• the supreme court hears cases that deal with?

  Constitutional issues
• a hung jury occurs when?

  a juror cant come to an agreement
• the last step in criminal and civil cases is?

  appeal
• grand juries appear in which step of a criminal case?


  Indictment.
• What is the most influential source of law in Western society?

  english common law
• Process servers provide _____ to people, which is legal document requiring them to show up in court to testify.?

  subpoena
• In Civil cases, complaints are made by the _______.?

  Plaintiff
• Jurisdiction


  The geographical area or subject matter over which a court or other institution has the authority to exercise its power
• Levels of Jurisdiction: Law Enforcement


  • Local
  • State
  • Federal
• Municipal (city or town) police department


  • Jurisdiction generally only within city limits, but several exceptions apply
  • Often cities and counties have agreements to assist each other in law enforcement by way of an "interlocal agreement"
• County Sheriff


  • Jurisdiction generally within County Limits, but outside of City Limits
  • Often, Counties and Cities have agreements to assist each other in law enforcement by way of an "Interlocal Agreement"
• State Highway Patrol/State Trooper


  • Jurisdiction over all state routes, U.S. Highways, Interstate Highways, Freeways and all public roads that are not within City Limits
• State Bureau of Investigation (SBI)


  • Jurisdiction includes drug investigations, arson/fire investigations, election law violations, gambling investigations, thefts/damage to state property, environmental crimes, computer crime investigations that involve crimes against children, any other investigations- including Homicides, Missing Persons Cases, Robberies, and property crimes, when a Local Governments requests SBI assistance
• United States Secret Service


  • Jurisdiction includes prevention and investigation of counterfeiting of U.S. currency and U.S Treasury Bond Notes, protecting the President, Vice President, President Elect, Vice President Elect, past Presidents and their spouses (except when the spouse remarries), children and Grandchildren of current and former Presidents until age 16, all people in the United States Presidential Line of Succession, visiting heads of State and Government, financial fraud crimes and identity theft
• Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)


  • Jurisdiction includes espionage (spying), sabotage, kidnapping, extortion, bank robbery, interstate transportation of stolen property, civil rights matters, interstate gambling violations, fraud against the government
• Becoming an SBI Agent


  Be at least 21, have a 4-year College Degree, successfully complete a Physical Abilities Test, Pass Medical, Psychological examinations and Drug Testing, pass a written examination and Polygraph, have No Felony Convictions, pass a Rigorous training academy
• A state vehicle is stolen and used in a bank robbery in Georgia. They flee to NC.


  FBI has jurisdiction
• A major traffic accident occurs at a busy intersection outside of city limits.


  Sheriff's Office has jurisdiction
• A man is killed in downtown Apex after a domestic fight with his wife.

  Police Department has jurisdiction
• A student is kidnapped from school.

  FBI has jurisdiction
• Counterfeit ten dollar bills are discovered in multiple stores in downtown Apex.


  US Secret Service has jurisdiction
• A driver crashes into a guardrail on Highway 64 after drinking.


  State Trooper has jurisdiction
• A school bus is stolen and abandoned in a Taco Bell drive-through.


  SBI has jurisdiction
• Purpose of laws


  • Laws exist to keep the peace and prevent violent actions
  • Laws govern all parts of our lives from what we eat to how we drive our cars to what we can buy and sell
  • Good laws are fair, reasonable, understandable, and enforceable
• Code of Hammurabi


  • First law code that included laws to deal with everyone in the current society
  • Proclaimed by the Babylonian king Hammurabi, who reigned from 1792 to 1750 B.C.E.
  • Very harsh penalties, demanding the removal of the guilty party's tongue, hands, eye or ear
  • One of the earliest examples of an accused person being considered innocent until proven guilty
• Ten Commandments


  • A set of biblical principles relating to ethics and worship
  • According to the book of Exodus in the Torah, the Ten Commandments were revealed to Moses at Mount Sinai
  • Modern scholars suggesting that the Ten Commandments were likely modeled on Hittite and Mesopotamian laws and treaties
• Roman Law


  • Justinian Code simplifies all Roman Law
  • Developed by Byzantine emperor Justinian I from 529 to 565
  • Covered many topics from punishments for specific crimes to marriage and the inheritance of property
  • Influenced most of Europe (and the West to this day)