Communicable + Non- Communicable diseases

• Communicable diseases


  Diseases that can be spread from person to person
• Non-communicable diseases


  Diseases that cannot be passed from person to person
• Diseases can cause ill health, which is defined as the state of physical and mental well-being
• Ill health can be caused by communicable and non-communicable diseases, poor diet, high levels of stress, and other life situations
• People with a defective immune system

  Are much more likely to suffer from infectious diseases
• Infection with HPV


  Can cause cervical cancer
• Infection with a pathogen


  Can trigger an allergy such as asthma or dermatitis
• Physical illness like arthritis

  Can trigger a mental illness like depression
• What are the risk factors of diseases/illness?

  aspects of a person’s lifestyle • substances in the person’s body or environment
• What can cause cardiovascular disease?


  effects of diet, smoking and exercise
• What is Obesity a risk factor of?

  Type 2 diabetes
• What affect of alcohol?

  effects on the liver and brain function.
• What is the effect of smoking?


  Lung Disease and Lung Cancer
• What are the effects on smoking and drinking alcohol on unborn babies?

  Fetal alcohol syndrome, low birth weight, developmental issues.
• What are risk factors of cancer?

  Carcinogens, including ionising radiation, lifestyle
• What is cancer?


  result of changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and division
• What are pathogens? What can they be? How are they spread? What do they infect?


  microorganisms that cause infectious disease. Pathogens may be viruses, bacteria, protists or fungi. They may infect plants or animals and can be spread by direct contact, by water or by air.
• What does bacteria and viruses do in the body?


  reproduce rapidly inside the body. Bacteria may produce poisons (toxins) that damage tissues and make us feel ill. Viruses live and reproduce inside cells, causing cell damage
• Describe Measels


  Fever, Red skin, no treatment for it= isolation. Can cause blindness and brain damage. Is a vaccine for it.
• Describe HIV/AIDS


  Flu-like illness, spread through sexual contact, no treatment but drugs can be used to prevent it, no vaccine for it
• Microorganisms

  A group of tiny organisms including bacteria, viruses, protists and fungi
• Pathogens


  Microorganisms that can cause disease
• Communicable/infectious diseases


  Diseases that can spread from person to person and affect both animals and plants
• How pathogens spread from person to person

  1. Through the air (e.g. coughing, sneezing)

  2. Through contaminated food and water

  3. Through direct contact
• Pathogens spread through the air


  • Influenza virus
  • Measles virus
• Pathogens spread through contaminated food and water


  • Cholera (bacterial disease spread by contaminated water)
  • Salmonella (bacteria spread by contaminated food, particularly chicken)
• Pathogens spread through direct contact


  • Athlete's foot (fungal infection spread by walking barefoot on contaminated surfaces)
• Ways to reduce the spread of pathogens

  1. Being hygienic (e.g. washing hands, cleaning cooking items)

  2. Killing vectors (e.g. using insecticides to kill mosquitoes)

  3. Vaccinating people

  4. Quarantining infected people
• The best way to prevent a pathogen from spreading is to vaccinate everybody
• Quarantine is generally only used for really serious diseases that could harm others if spread
• Fungi


  Eukaryotic organisms, can be unicellular or multicellular
• Fungi


  • Yeast (unicellular)
  • Mushrooms (multicellular)
• Fungi


  • Have long thread-like structures called hyphae which come out of the main body and spread through the soil
  • Hyphae can spread over plants or even penetrate human skin and cause disease
  • Hyphae can produce spores which spread easily and grow into new fungi
• Fungal disease


  • Rose black spot
• Rose black spot


  • Causes purple or black spots to form on the leaves of plants, especially roses
  • As the fungus does more damage, the leaves can start to turn yellow and drop off
• Treating rose black spot

  1. Chop off all infected leaves and destroy them

  2. Spray the plant with fungicides which kill any fungus
• Protists


  Eukaryotic organisms, can be single-celled or multi-celled, majority are single-celled
• Protist parasites


  Live on or inside other organisms and survive at that other organism's expense
• Vectors

  Other organisms like insects that transport protists between different host organisms, but the vectors don't get the disease themselves
• Protist disease

  • Malaria