funda

• Critical thinking


  The process of intentional higher-level thinking to define a client's problem, examine the evidence-based practice in caring for the client, and make choices in the delivery of care
• Clinical reasoning


  The cognitive process that uses thinking strategies to gather and analyze client information, evaluate the relevance of the information, and decide on possible nursing actions to improve the client's physiologic and psychosocial outcomes
• Critical thinking involves the differentiation of statements of fact, judgment, and opinion
• Nurses use critical thinking


  • From other subjects and fields
  • To deal with change in stressful environments
  • To make important decisions
• Creativity


  Thinking that results in the development of new ideas and products
• Critical thinking skills


  • Ability to do critical analysis
  • Perform inductive and deductive reasoning
  • Make valid inferences
  • Differentiate facts from opinions
  • Evaluate the credibility of information sources
  • Clarify concepts
  • Recognize assumptions
• Critical analysis


  The application of a set of questions to a particular situation or idea to determine essential information and ideas and to discard superfluous information and ideas
• Inductive reasoning


  Generalizations formed from a set of facts or observations
• Deductive reasoning


  Reasoning from the general premise to the specific conclusion
• Fact


  Can be verified through investigation
• Inference


  Conclusions drawn from facts, going beyond facts to make a statement about something not currently known
• Judgment


  Evaluations of facts or information that reflect values or other criteria; a type of opinion
• Opinion


  Beliefs formed over time and include judgments that may fit facts or be in error
• Evaluating the credibility of information sources


  • An important step in critical thinking because not all sources are accurate or reliable
• Clarifying concepts


  Agreeing on the meaning of terms is important because individuals may have different interpretations of words or situations
• Other activities used when thinking critically


  • Problem-solving
  • Trial and error
  • Intuition
  • The research process
• Critical thinkers

  • Independence
  • Fair-mindedness
  • Insight
  • Intellectual humility
  • Intellectual courage
  • Integrity
  • Perseverance
  • Confidence
  • Curiosity
• Fair-mindedness


  Assessing all viewpoints with the same standards and not basing judgments on personal or group bias or prejudice
• Intellectual humility


  Awareness of the limits of one's own knowledge
• Intellectual integrity

  Applying the same rigorous standards of proof to one's own knowledge and beliefs as to the knowledge and beliefs of others
• Perseverance


  Determination that enables critical thinkers to clarify concepts and sort out related issues in spite of frustration, resisting the temptation to find a quick and easy answer
• Confidence


  Belief that well-reasoned thinking will lead to trustworthy conclusions
• Curiosity


  The critical thinker's mind is filled with questions
• Clinical reasoning


  Thinking and decision-making processes associated with clinical practice, requiring the use of cognitive and metacognitive processes such as reflective thinking
• Clinical reasoning


  1. Setting priorities

  2. Developing rationales

  3. Taking action
• Nurses use critical thinking and clinical reasoning skills when making decisions about client care
• Concept mapping


  A technique that uses a graphic depiction of nonlinear and linear relationships to represent critical thinking, also known as mind maps, and can be used to develop analytical skills