Social Psych

• Love


  Isn't going to predict how people behave in a relationship, unlike commitment
• Layperson Differentiations


  • "in love" vs. "love"
  • "love" vs. "lust"
• "rejectors" vs. "would be lovers"


  There's a lot more schemas about "would be lovers" than "rejectors" (when someone loves you but you do not love them back) so you don't know what to do
• Passionate Love


  You think about them all the time; adrenaline love
• Companionate Love


  Enjoy doing the same things, easy to talk to them, not really about physiological things; love is best friends
• Liking vs. Loving Scale


  Rubin made this scale and a magazine used it without his permission (unethical) so sued them and become a lawyer
• Passionate vs. Companionate Love Scale


  Developed by same person who did computer dance study; ideally want both to be very high, but passionate love is hard to maintain over time, so declines over time; some couples show high companionate love early in relationship but for some is a slow buildup, and it can go up and down
• Sternberg's Triangle Theory of Love


  You're going to have different types of love depending on whether you score high or low on three components of triangle: intimacy, passion, and commitment
• Types of Love


  • Companionate love- high intimacy and commitment, but little passion
  • Infatuation- just passion (love as a "hookup")
  • Consummate love- intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present to a substantial degree
• Evaluation of Sternberg's Triangle Theory of Love: people cite it less because people not be interested anymore or research on this might not be being published anymore
• Colors of Love


  • Eros- erotic love with a strong physical component
  • Ludus- playful and uncommitted; love is a game
  • Storge- love that emphasizes friendship and commitment
  • Mania- possessive, obsessive love that is full of fantasy (stalker)
  • Agape- altruistic, selfless, dutiful love
  • Pragma- practical and pragmatic, dispassionate love (things that I want)
• Different types of love = different types of relationships (ex. People who score high in storge, score high in companionate love)
• Also less publication of research on the Colors of Love theory
• Love as Self-Expansion


  An eastern religious view of life as a journey of human growth: we literally grow as we experience more. As a theory of love: we find someone who we expand with because of our relationship with them, expanding together (we begin liking what they like to do and our views overlap; traits also change to traits of person you fell in love with)
• Inclusion of Other in Self Scale (IOS)


  This one-item scale was just as effective as sixty-item scale, so researchers included this scale more (created rapid growth of findings of self expansion)
• Couples who did exciting things together

  Had impact on their relationship (increased passionate and companionate love) and had the most growth together as a couple (could also be misattribution of arousal)
• Types of Aggression


  • Physical: actually, physically harming them
  • Instrumental: harming them in a way to affect their outcomes (not physical)
  • Relational: trying to damage the person's relationship (ex. spreading a rumor)
• Operationalization of Aggression


  Measuring physical aggression might not actually determine how aggressive you are (ex. you won't actually shock someone outside the study), but instrumental and relational is easier to measure
• Variables Affecting Aggression


  • Physiological Approach
  • Evolutionary Approach
  • Individual Level/Trait Approach
  • Group level approach
  • Situational Approach
  • Learning Theory Approaches
• Arousal (autonomic nervous system)


  Evolutionary adaptive strategy since you don't have to tell your body to breathe faster and build up adrenaline; more likely to behave aggressively
• Alcohol and drugs


  People under the influence of alcohol are more likely to behave aggressively; overt priming when having presence of alcohol posters also causes people to act more aggressively
• Testosterone


  Levels of testosterone and aggressive behavior are linked (ex. high testosterone are more likely to be in prison for a violent crime); also linked to sensation seeking (more likely to be in dangerous positions such as police, professional athletes, etc.); people of high testosterone less likely to smile; pre-pubescent and pubescent children who have higher levels of testosterone are more likely to participate in delinquent behavior
• Differential Parental Investment


  Women more invested on any one offspring because of assurance of passing genetics to offspring. Male sexual jealousy linked to male sexual aggression because male have genetic uncertainty. Child abuse: step and adopted kids more likely to be abused because they are not genetically related to parents
• Individual Level/Trait Approach


  • Genetics
  • Personality
  • Aggressive schemas
• Type A personality


  Tend to be high in need for power/achievement and more likely to have successful careers; more likely to use aggression to succeed; more stress related issues vs. Type B: less likely to be aggression, but have less power and less successful
• Narcissism


  Inflated view of yourself; linked to aggressive behavior; people who are there for violent crime are much more likely to be narcissists; narcissists don't behave aggressively always, but when they feel like people are not giving them respect they do
• Low-empathy


  People with low empathy tend to be more likely to act in aggressive ways without realizing the harm that they're doing; learn the tools to get into your life and then ruin it without caring (hard to do research on them since they don't think they're hurting others)
• Aggressive schemas


  There are differences in size and complexity about aggressive behavior schemas; some people think it's okay to behave aggressively; people who have more narrow schemas about aggression are less likely to act aggressively vs. people who have broader schemas (ex. Rifle in truck study activated aggressive schema; overt priming) (ex. covert priming study when flashing aggressive words looking at slides)
• Priming studies (weapons effect)


  People with more things associated with aggression are more likely to be primed to act aggressively (ex. Water pistol on table activates schema and makes you want to dunk person more)
• Group level approach


  • Intergroup competition
  • Deindividuation: aggressive behavior not linked to you
  • Diffusion of responsibility: responsibility for aggressive behavior can get diffused
  • Social identity: resort to aggressive ways to have our group succeed and schema to act aggressively begins first year of elementary school (learned behavior that it's okay to act aggressively)
  • ingroup/outgroup bias: think our group is better than other group and want our group to win
• Situational Approach


  • Social exclusion: when people get excluded there's a level of anger that will often be expressed in terms of aggression; second phase- person who is excluded might feel anger first but then have no energy and don't feel like doing anything
  • Frustration: precursor to aggressive behavior
  • Excitation-transfer: there are times when we might be made to be angry and hostile, but situation doesn't allow us to act aggressively (at work); that frustration will carry over with you and will behave aggressively in next situation that you can get away with it but will not resolve first issue
  • Provocation-reciprocity: if someone acts aggressively towards you, you will act aggressively towards them; reciprocity is always slightly building (if you shock me at 3, I'll shock you at 4)
  • Normative approaches: norms against aggressive behavior are sometimes strong and sometimes weak (don't see fights in a classroom or church, but do see fights at a bar)
• Learning Theory Approaches


  • Classical conditioning: some aggressive behavior can be classical conditioned (previously neutral thing gets associated with aggressive behavior/ gets paired with autonomic nervous system arousal)
  • Operant conditioning: kids who are rewarded for aggressive behavior are more likely to behave aggressively in the future vs. kids who are punished (costs) (ex. Getting a gold star for control frustration in class) (if kid starts to rely on reward to act this way, it will undermine kid's intrinsic motivation to act appropriately)
  • Social learning: you don't have to be rewarded or punished, but see someone else get rewarded or punished
  • Modeling: imitation; especially powerful with little kids
  • Bobo doll studies: kids would see adults interact with different toys, and manipulated what adult would do with Bobo doll (kids do what adults do with Bobo doll whether that be patting it on the head or punching it)
  • Media effects: tv/movies (kids in U.S. acting more aggressive than Canadian kids who couldn't watch aggressive shows), Video games (more broad aggressive behavior that will cause them act aggressively)
• General Aggression Model (GAM)


  Researchers aren't saying one variable is more important than other; we need to think about aggression from a systemic approach because there are various things that can cause someone to ask aggressively
• Catharsis


  Freud believed that if you could let out primal desires in a social acceptable manner, it would be cathartic without harm
• Learning


  You don't have to be rewarded or punished, but see someone else get rewarded or punished
• Modeling


  Imitation; especially powerful with little kids
• Bobo doll studies


  • Kids would see adults interact with different toys, and manipulated what adult would do with Bobo doll (kids do what adults do with Bobo doll whether that be patting it on the head or punching it)
• Media effects


  • TV/movies (kids in U.S. acting more aggressive than Canadian kids who couldn't watch aggressive shows)
  • Video games (more broad aggressive behavior that will cause them act aggressively)
• More powerful for kids since their aggressive behavior is dependent on what video games they play, what movies they watch, etc.
• Catharsis


  Freud believed that if you could let out primal desires in a social acceptable manner, it would be cathartic without harming someone else (screaming into pillow) (lower behaving aggressively in a non-socially accepted way); some research shows when you get people to be in state of acting aggressively, likelihood of acting aggressively will increase