ethnicity

• phillips + bowling

  • stop + search
  • oppressive policing
  • terrorism act 2000 gave more police power
• phillips + bowling II

  • arrest + cautions
  • black 3x white
  • black + asian less likely to recieve caution
• phillips + bowling III

  • prosecution + trial
  • evidence stereotypical + weak
• hoods

  • convictions + sentencing
  • black 5x more likely to recieve sentence
• hudson + bramhall

  • presentence reports
  • reports allow for discrimination
• prison

  • ethnic minorities likely to get 3 months longer
• lea + young

  • left realism
  • difference in offences due to marginalisation
  • illegitamate means
  • form subcultures -> utilitarian crime
  • frustration -> non utilitarian crime
• gilroy

  • neomarxism
  • police stereotype + act on it
  • colonies resist restraint
• hall et al

  • neomarxism
  • moral panic of black muggers
  • symbolises disintergration