Plants

• Radicle


  The underground part of a plant
• Hypocotyl


  The part of a plant under the leaves
• Plumule


  The part of the plant with leaves
• Epicotyl


  The top of the plant above the leaves
• Endosperm


  Stores nutrients for the embryo in a seed
• Growth

  Takes place with mitosis at the meristems
• Apical meristems


  Have primary growth at the tip of the roots
• Lateral meristems


  Have horizontal growth to create thickness
• Imbibition


  The seed absorbing water
• Ground tissue of a plant

  • Parenchyma (thinnest, bulk of filler)
  • Collenchyma (extra support for growth)
  • Sclerenchyma (main structural support)
• Vascular tissue

  Made up of the xylem and phloem
• Phloem

  Transports sugar with sieve and companion cells from the leaves to root
• Xylem

  Transports water with tracheids and vessel elements from the root to leaves
• Symplastic pathway


  Water can move between plant cells through the cytoplasm
• Apoplastic pathway


  Water can move between plant cells within the cell wall
• Casparian strip


  A waxy, impenetrable strip in cell walls of plant roots that regulates which substances can enter the root
• Meristematic tissue from innermost to outermost

  • Pith
  • Primary xylem
  • Secondary xylem
  • Vascular cambium
  • Secondary phloem
  • Primary phloem
  • Cortex
  • Cork cambium
• Secondary xylem and pith


  Make up wood
• Secondary phloem


  Makes up the bark
• Ethylene


  The hormone that increases fruit ripening
• Auxins


  Responsible for plant growth
• Gibberellins


  Responsible for plant life
• Abscisic acid


  Released in response to stress, and does the opposite of gibberellins
• Bryophytes

  • Nonvascular plants without roots
  • Exhibit horizontal growth and have rhizoids instead of roots
  • Exist mostly in the gametophyte stage
  • Have flagellated sperm
• Life cycle of plants

  1. Zygotes undergo mitosis to become the sporophyte

  2. The zygote and sporophyte are both diploid

  3. The sporophyte undergoes meiosis to become spores

  4. The spores undergo mitosis to become the gametophyte

  5. The gametophyte becomes a gamete, which undergoes fusion to become a zygote

  6. Spores, gametophytes, and gametes are all haploid
• Tracheophytes

  • Vascular plants that exhibit vertical growth
  • Exist mostly in the sporophyte stage
  • If seedless, have heterosporous, flagellated sperm
  • If seed-bearing, are either angiosperms or gymnosperms
• Angiosperms

  • Have protected seeds
  • Have unflagellated sperm and exhibit double fertilization
  • The male sex organ is the stamen, which is composed of the anther and the filament
  • They develop microspores from generative and tube cells
  • The female sex organ is the pistil, which is composed of the stigma, style, and ovary
• Gymnosperms

  Have unprotected seeds
• Monocots

  • Have parallel leaves and 3x organs
  • Have a fibrous root system
• Dicots

  • Have netted leaves, 5x organs, and a tap root system