INTRO TO PSYCH FINAL EXAM

• 1. Deviance (4 types of abnormal behavior)


  the recognized violation of cultural norms
• 2. Distress (personal) (4 types of abnormal behavior)

  extreme sadness, anxiety
• 4 types of abnormal behavior


  1. deviance

  2. distress (personal)

  3. dysfunctional

  4. Danger X - not included in list

  
  

  -on a continuum

  -involves value judgements
• 3. Dysfunctional (4 types of abnormal behavior)

  prevents you from functioning in daily life
• Medical model of abnormal behavior


  proposes that it is useful to think of abnormal behavior as a disease
• Diagnosis (medical model)


  the "what"; distinguishing one disorder from another
• etiology (medical model)


  the "why"; cause and development of the disorder
• biopsychosocial approach


  every disorder has a biological, psychological, and social component
• DSM


  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

  -the original had 100 disorder with vague descriptions

  -the current (#5) is improved, not vague, has over 500 disorders

  -70% overlap with disorders
• DSM-5


  the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

  -don't have to fit everything on the list to be diagnosed

  -disorders are stigmatized

  -difficulty reading and grief now labeled as mental illnesses
• 50%


  ______________ of the population qualify for the diagnosis of mental illness at one point in their life
• Anxiety Disorders


  marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety

  TYPES:

  1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder

  2. Specific Phobias

  3. Panic Disorders

  4. Agoraphobia

  5. Social Anxiety Disorder
• 1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (Anxiety Disorders)


  chronic high level anxiety; not tied to specific threat

  -before -> called "free-floating"

  -now -> people are just anxious about everything, especially small things
• 2. Specific Phobias (Anxiety Disorders)


  persistent and irrational fear of objects and/or situations that present no realistic danger

  -mild phobias are common

  -includes things that are not inherently dangerous, but you are afraid of them anyway

  -not involving preparedness
• mild phobias


  doesn't stop you from functioning normally without distress
• Preparedness


  a predisposition to develop certain fears

  ex: snakes, heights, spiders
• 3. Panic Disorders (Anxiety Disorders)


  recurrent, unexpected attacks of overwhelming anxiety, panic attacks

  -people insist they've had a heart attack, very severe distress and dysfunction
• 4. Agoraphobia (Anxiety Disorders)


  fear of places where it is hard to escape in a panic attack

  -Greek word for marketplace

  -doesn't act like a normal phobia

  -many people with panic disorders also have this

  -ex: out in the wilderness -> can't get help
• 5. Social Anxiety Disorder (Anxiety Disorders)


  extreme fear of being judged that causes individuals to avoid social situations

  -good to have some degree of fear
• Etiology: Anxiety Disorders


  -genetic disposition

  -neurochemical factors

  -stress

  -cognitive
• Mood disorders


  psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

  1. Depression

  2. Bipolar disorder
• 1. Depression (mood disorders)

  -uni-polar (one end)

  -Major Depressive Disorder

  -Dysthymic Disorder
• Major Depressive Disorder (Depression)


  mood disorder with persistent feelings of sadness and despair; feeling of worthlessness

  -hedonia - lack of pleasure

  -loss of interest in most activities

  -average depressive episode lasts 6 months

  -depression is related to anxiety
• 90%; 1/2


  _____% of completed suicides have some sort of disorder & _______ have depression
• dysthymic (Depression)


  chronic but mild symptoms

  -not as deep but lasts longer
• Biopolar Disorder


  mood disorder associated with 1 or more manic episodes with period of depression
• Manic episodes (in bipolar disorder)


  -extreme euphoria

  -extremely hyperactive

  -not much sleep

  -spending/gambling/sex binges

  -impaired judgement

  -extravagant plans
• cyclothymic (bipolar)


  chronic but mild symptoms of bipolar disorder
• Etiology: Depression and Bipolar Disorder


  -biological influence

  -genetic causes

  -neurochemical factors

  -smaller hippocampus (depression only)

  -cognitive factors

  -ruminative thinking

  -stress
• ruminative thinking


  ______________ ______________ is more likely in women, which people theorize is why more women have depression than men
• Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders


  physical ailments that cannot be explained by organic conditions and are largely due to psychological factors

  TYPES:

  1. Somatic Symptom Disorder

  2. Illness Anxiety Disorder

  3. Conversion Disorder
• 1. Somatic Symptom Disorder (Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders)


  diverse physical ailments that appear to be psychological in origin
• 2. Illness Anxiety Disorder (Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders)


  preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness

  -preoccupied with the idea, not the actual symptoms
• 3. Conversion Disorder (Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders)


  altered voluntary motor function or sensory function with no apparent organic basis

  ex: being blind
• Etiology: somatic symptom related disorders


  -not biological

  -depends on personality factors (neuroticism)

  -cognitive factors -> catastrophizing

  -stress
• Catastrophizing


  Dramatically exaggerating the negative consequences of any minor event
• Dissociative Disorders


  disorders in which you lose contact with portions of consciousness or memory, thereby disrupting sense of identity

  TYPES:

  1. Dissociative Identity Disorder

  2. Dissociative Amnesia

  3. Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
• Etiology: Dissocciative Identity Disorder


  1. severe emotional trauma by age 9

  -DID is a coping mechanism

  2. controversy about this diagnosis

  -cases are spread unevenly amongst therapists

  -number of personalities (typically 2-3 -> 15)

  3. There are eye muscles that are hard to move voluntarily that move when they change between personalities
• 1. Dissociative Identity Disorder (Dissociative Disorders)


  When 2 or more largely complete and usually very different personalities exist in one person

  -used to be called Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD)

  -the personalities are often unaware of each other

  -most people with this already have > 3

  -transitions occur suddenly
• 2. Dissociative Amnesia (Dissociative Disorders)


  a sudden loss of personal memory that is too extensive to be explained by forgetting

  -specific is more often

  -people with this are often aware of large gaps, but don't find it strange

  -with fugue - sudden unexpected travel

  -this has no organic cause such as a concussion