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Anatomy and Physiology
Skeletal System
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Functions of Skeletal System:
Support
Protect
Movement
Storage
Blood cell production
Components of Skeletal System:
Bone
Cartilage
Tendons
Ligaments
Components of Skeletal System
Cartilage
- reduce friction and model for bone formation
Components of Skeletal System
Tendons
- attach bone to muscle
Components of Skeletal System
Ligaments
- attach bone to bone
Proteoglycans
- large polysaccharides attached to proteins that is a part of ground substance and stores water
Bone’s extracellular matrix is
collagen
and
minerals
(flexible and able to bear weight)
Cartilage’s extracellular matrix is
collagen
and
proteoglycans
(good shock absorber)
Tendons and ligaments’ extracellular matrix is
collagen
(very tough)
Classification of Bones
Based on shape:
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Classification of Bones
Type of bone tissue:
compact
spongy
(
cancellous
)
Long Bone Structures
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Articular cartilage
Epiphyseal plate
Medullar cavity
Periosteum
Endosteum
Long Bone Structures
Diaphysis
:
shaft
compact bone tissue (on outside)
Long Bone Structures
Epiphysis
:
ends
spongy bone tissue
Long Bone Structures
Articular cartilage
:
covers epiphyses
reduces friction
Long Bone Structures
Epiphyseal plate
:
site of growth
between diaphysis and epiphysis
Long Bone Structures
Medullary cavity
:
center of diaphysis
red or yellow marrow
Long Bone Structures
Periosteum
:
membrane around bone’s outer surface
Long Bone Structures
Endosteum
:
membrane that lines medullary cavity
Compact Bone Tissue
- outer part of diaphysis (long bones) and thinner surfaces of other bones
Parts of Compact Bone Tissue
Osteon
Lamella
Lacunae
Canaliculus
Central canal
Compact Bone Tissue
Osteon
:
structural unit of compact bone
includes lamella, lacunae, canaliculus, central canal, osteocytes
Compact Bone Tissue
Lamella
:
rings of bone matrix
Compact Bone Tissue
Lacunae
:
spaces between lamella
Compact Bone Tissue
Canaliculus
:
tiny canals
transport nutrients and remove waste
Compact Bone Tissue
Central canal
:
center of osteon
contains blood vessels
Spongy Bone Tissue
- also known as "cancellous bone" and is located in the epiphyses of long bones and center of other bones; no osteons.
Trabeculae
- interconnecting rods, spaces contain marrow
Bone Cells
Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Bone Cells
Osteocytes
- maintain bone matrix
Bone Cells
Osteoblasts
- build bone
Bone Cells
Osteoclasts
- carve bone
Bone Formation
Ossification
- process of bone formation (occurs in utero)
Bone Formation
Osteoblast’s role:
build bone
after an osteoblast becomes surrounded by bone matrix it becomes an
osteocyte
Bone Formation
Ossification center
- where bone formation begins
Bone Formation
Primary ossification center
:
where bone 1st begins to appear
forms diaphyses
Bone Formation
Secondary ossification center
- forms epiphyses
Intramembranous Ossification
- bone formation within connective tissue membranes where osteoblast build bone (Ex. Skull bones)
Endochondral Ossification
- bone formation inside cartilage where cartilage models are replaced by bone (All bones, except skull)
Steps in Endochondral Ossification
Chondroblasts
build a
cartilage model
, the chrondroblasts become
chondrocytes.
Cartilage model
calcifies
(hardens).
Osteoblasts
invade calcified cartilage and a
primary ossification center
forms diaphysis.
Secondary ossification centers
form epiphysis.
Original cartilage model is almost completely ossified and remaining cartilage is
articular
cartilage.
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