STS

• Aristotle


  • Most important and last philosopher
  • Political philosophizing
  • Alexander the Great's tutor
  • Wants to create a philosophical system that can rescue knowledge and provide grounds for moral beliefs – not simply subjective, relative or culture
  • Creates system of knowledge and morality that synthesize empirical and logic
• Empirical


  • Knowledge of the world
  • Observation
• Logic


  • Reasoning about the world
  • Strict principle
  • Moral scientist
  • Opens lyceum (school/university)
  • Believed that humans wanted to know about the world
  • Things has a purpose
  • Humans have natural purpose, capacity or end
  • Use facts and evidence(objective)
• Eudaimonia


  • Good spirited
  • Pinnacle of happiness attainable by humans
  • Human flourishing
• Aristotle's three kinds of knowledge


  • Theoretical (speculative metaphysics, theology)
  • Productive (how to do)
  • Practical (actual, ethics, politics)
• Eudemian Ethics


  End of human nature is flourishing
• Virtue Ethics


  Greek word arete means excellence
• Moral Philosophy


  • Achieve excellence
  • Nothing in excess
  • Reason to achieve balance in this quality of excellence
• Happiness


  Life of excellence
• Virtue


  Quality that we admire
• Philosophy of Reason


  Importance reality,reason and logic in Aristotelian philosophy enabled science and technology to develop and flourish
• Flourishing


  • State where people experience positive emotions, psychological and social functioning
  • "living" within an optimal range of human functioning
• Human Flourishing


  • Kabaliktaran is existential crisis
  • Effort to achieve self-actualization and fulfillment within larger community
  • Right to pursue his or her own such efforts
• Moral Virtues


  • Behave in a correct manner
  • Doing what is right
• Intellectual Virtues


  • Reason out properly
  • Abilities, talents, human potentials
• Five Intellectual Virtues


  • Competitive Reasoning - Scientific Knowledge, Intuition and Wisdom (detached from human affairs, long series of research to gain knowledge)
  • Calculative Reasoning- Art or Technical Skill and Prudence (helps us make our way in the world, objective truths)
• Human Flourishing and S&T: Human flourishes and finds meaning in the world she builds, but human unconsciously acquire consume or destroy what the world has to offer. We need to reflect and mediate about the knowledge we use and develop
• Science and Technology must be part of human life that needs reflective and meditative thinking, and must be examined for their impact on humanity
• Reflective Thinking


  Inquiry by John Dewey (pragmatism), requires to have a positive attitudes about personal growth and moral development
• Meditative Thinking


  Thinks the truth of being that belongs and being listened to, Heidegger- we are in flight;not focused on the utility but on the meaning
• Human Flourishing


  The ability to live a good life, embraces our shared humanity, values heath intrinsically and applies universally to human
• Ways to develop our abilities to flourish individually

  • Committed to growing within, developing supportive and cultivating environment that form our capabilities
  • Believing in ourselves and abilities
  • Knowing about our health and how to be healthy
  • Self motivated to achieve goals that we and the society value
• Ways to develop our abilities to flourish in the community

  • Contribute collaborately;support systems,institutions,resources and norms that help us flourish
  • Be surrounded and supported by strong systems,institutions,resources and norms that help us flourish
• Nichomachean Ethics


  Fundamental basis of Aristotelian ethics, 10 books, lecture notes written on scroll when he taught at the Lyceum, compiled or were dedicated to one of Aristotle's son
• 10 Books of Nichomachean Ethics

  • The End
  • Moral Virtue
  • The Will
  • The Several Moral Virtue and Vices (1st book)
  • The Several Moral Virtue and Vices, Justice (1st book)
  • The Intellectual Virtue
  • Characters Other Than Virtue and Vices
  • Friendship or Love
  • Friendship or Love
  • Pleasure
• Ultimate/Intrinsic Good


  Value is itself, Happiness
• Instrumental/Extrinsic Good


  To know the value of something, action is needed to reveal it, Money and Justice
• Aristotle's Tripart Soul

  • Nutritive (all living, Reproduce)
  • Sensitive (Animals and humans, Move)
  • Rational (Humans, Theoretical and practical)
• The Good Life: Arete


  Arete- greek word, Excellence of any kind, Moral virtue
• Intellectual Virtue and Moral Virtue


  • Intellectual Virtue (Education, time and experience)
  • Moral Virtue (Habitual practice)
• Eudaimonia


  EU-GOOD, DAIMON-SPIRIT OR ULTIMATE GOOD
• Perspectives on Happiness as the Goal of the Good Life

  • Materialism (Does material things make u happy?)
  • Hedonism (Are u a happy go lucky person? Own pleasure)
  • Stoicism (Events which surprisingly happened out of plans, Courage, Temperance, Justice)
  • Theism (Meaning of life using God as center of existence, Ultimate reality is God)
  • Humanism (We make our own destiny, Are u happy with the life u have?)
• Instrumental Definition of Technology


  Means to an end
• Anthropological Definition of Technology


  Human activity
• Martin Heidegger's View on Technology


  Essence and purpose differs, True can be pursued thru correct only, Mode of bringing forth, We must undertake reflection and meditative thinking to determine what is important, We must examine not only their use but also greater impact in order to appreciate the benefits of science and technology
• Bringing Forth


  Revealing something that didn't exist before
• Poiesis


  Bringing something out of concealment, Production
• Aletheia


  Truth is the most important, Disclosure
• Techne


  Episteme: ability to make and perform, Art:tangible intangible, Greeks: acts of minds and poetry
• Technology as Poiesis


  Not a bringing forth but a challenging forth