class and education

• WHAT ARE THE EXTERNAL FACTORS AFFECTING CLASS AND EDUCATION?

  -cultural deprivation

  -material deprivation

  -cultural capital
• WHAT DOES BERNSTEIN SUGGEST ABOUT CULTURAL DEPRIVATION?

  speech codes- the middle class speak in an elaborated code which is also used in the classroom and exams whereas the working class use a restricted code
• WHAT DOES DOUGLAS SUGGEST ABOUT CULTURAL DEPRIVATION?


  parents' education- working class parents place less value on education and are less ambitious for their children so don't attend parent evening
• WHAT DOES SUGARMAN SUGGEST ABOUT CULTURAL DEPRIVATION?

  identifies 4 key barriers to education:

  1. fatalism-you cannot change your status

  2. collectivism- value being a group rather than individual

  3. immediate gratification- value pleasure now rather than making sacrifices for the future

  4. present time orientation- no long term goals sue to seeing the present as more important than the future
• HOW DOES DIFFERENCES IN HOUSING AFFECT ACHIEVMENT?

  -overcrowding means no room for educational activities, poor sleep from shared bedrooms

  -living in temporary accommodation leads to disturbed education

  -overcrowded homes leads to more accidents/sickness, more time taken off school
• HOW DOES DIET AND HEALTH AFFECT ACHEIVMENT?

  Howard- working class families have lower intakes of energy, vitamins and minerals. Poor health can lead to lack of concentration and more absences taken from school
• WHAT DOES BORDIEU SUGGEST ABOUT CULTURAL CAPITAL?

  -middle class children more equipped to deal with demands of school curriculum

  -parents can convert cultural capital into economic capital, e.g., sending children to private school
• HOW DO INTERNAL CLASS DIFFERENCES AFFECT EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVMENT?

  -labelling and its effects

  -pupil subcultures and identities
• DESCRIBE BECKERS STUDY ON LABELLING


  -teachers judge and label pupils based on how closely they match the description of the 'ideal pupil
• DESCRIBE ROSENTHAL AND JACOBSENS STUDY ON THE SELF-FUFILLING PROPHECY


  -told teachers that students who performed low in an IQ test did well and vice versa

  -students who were labelled as smart had a greater progression due to teachers paying them more attention and giving them more feedback
• WHAT DID GILLBOURN AND YOUDELL FIND ABOUT STREAMING?


  -teachers labelled working class students as unintelligent

  -working class students placed in lower streams and sets as a result
• WHAT DID LACEY FIND ABOUT PUPIL SUBCULTURES?


  2 ways in which pupil subcultures develop:

  1. polarisation- pupils respond to streaming by either becoming pro-school or anti-school

  2. differentiation- the higher the stream, the greater the status
• WHAT DID HARGREAVES FIND ABOUT PUPIL SUBCULTURES?


  -boys in lower streams were triple failures

  -failed the 11+, placed in lower streams, labelled as 'worthless louts'

  -solution was to form an anti-school subculture who valued failure
• WHAT DID ARCHER ET AL FIND ABOUT PUPIL IDENTITIES?


  -working class pupils invest in 'Nike' personalities

  -see education as unachievable and only for the middle class

  -see education as undesirable as it does not suit their habitus