Musculo-skeletal system

• Bones are hard structures that protect organs, store minerals, produce blood cells, support soft tissues, and allow movement.
• Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue found at the ends of long bones to cushion them during movement.
• The skeleton is divided into two parts - axial (long bones) and appendicular (short bones).
• Tendons attach muscle to bone and transmit force from muscles to bones.
• Ligaments attach bone to bone and stabilize joints.
• Short bones are cube shaped and include carpal and tarsal bones.
• The skeleton has two main functions - supporting the body and protecting internal organs.
• Joints are where two or more bones meet and can be classified as synovial, fibrous, cartilaginous, or sutures.
• Hematopoiesis - production of blood
• Exoskeleton - bony structure found externally
• Fish - scales (exo)
• Amphibian - claws (exo)
• Reptiles - scales and scutes
• Mammals - horn and nails (exo)
• Aves - feather and claw
• Classification of Bones

  1. Axial - found in the median axis of the body
• Axial

  • Skull (28 bones including cranial and facial bones)
  • Hyoid Bone
  • Vertebral Column
  • Sternum
  • Ribcage (24 bones)
  • Vertebrae (31 bones)
• Skull (Cranial Bones)

  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Occipital
  • Temporal
• Facial Bones

  • Maxillary Bone (Upper Jaw)
  • Zygomatic Bone (Cheekbones)
  • Lacrimal Bone
  • Mandible
• Clavicle - collarbone
• Scapula - shoulder blade
• Humerus - bone of the upper arm
• Ulna - longer bone in the lower arm
• Radius - shorter bone of the lower arm
• Carpal bones - wrist
• Metacarpals - palm
• Phalanges - fingers
• Pelvis - hip bone
• Femur - thighbone, the largest bone in the body
• Patella - kneecap
• Tibia - shin bone
• Fibula - calfbone
• Tarsal - foot/heel
• Metatarsals - foot/bones
• Rickets (Children), Osteomalacia (Adults) - caused by deficiencies of vitamin D

  • Soft, weak bones that are easily broken
• Fracture - breaking of bone or associated cartilage
• Muscles make up 40%-50% of our weight
• Cardiac muscles pumps blood
• Smooth muscles push food in our intestines, contains blood in our arteries and veins, and push urine down our ureters
• Helps us read by moving our eyes, allow us to move in our environment and breathe