Animal Physiology 316

• T/F: physiology is a branch of biology that deals w/ functions of organisms and their parts

  True
• T/F: physiology is non-integrative discipline that focuses solely on cellular level of bio organization

  False
• two broad questions in physiology

  mechanism and origin
• To maintain organization of atoms in the body, an organism requires the input of ?

  energy
• all organisms seek some degree of homeostasis b/c?

  because BOTH biochemical rxns operate best within a narrow temp range AND it is energetically costly to maintain function across a broad range of environmental conditions
• T/F: a species of animal can only be a regulator or conformer w/ respect to environmental variation. They can NEVER switch b/t these strategies or fall between them

  False
• T/F: cytokine storms are examples of negative feedback

  False
• the ability of individual animal (single genotype) to produce different phenotypes is called?

  phenotypic plasticity
• T/F: temperature is an estimate amount of molecular motion occurring w/in a substance

  True
• T/F: all physiological traits have arisen via evolution by natural selection; aka all traits are adaptations

  False
• Each of the following are part of Darwin's 4 postulates of Natural selection except:

  1. organisms are thermo dynamic systems that are efficient at increasing entropy in the universe

  2. some indiv survive and reproduce better than others - success associated w/ genotypes

  3. phenotypes vary in populations

  4. some phenotypic variation is passed on to offspring

  1. is not part of postulates
• in animal phys, research on mech involve Q's about proximate causation, and origins questions about?

  ultimate causation
• T/F:the atoms of animal bodies undergo continuous and dynamic exchange w/ environment

  True
• maintaining stable internal environment in side body?

  homeostasis
• T/F: fastest way animals can physiologically respond to changes in environment is through evolution


  False
• T/F: phys mechanism underlying acclimation and acclimatization are the same

  True
• T/F: there are the same number of oxygen molecules per unit volume of air at both sea level and top of Mount Everest

  False (only same percentage of Oxygen molecules, but there is less air at higher elevations)
• at sea level, percentage of oxygen found in highly aerated water is about what percentage found in air?

  5% (not much)
• most common application of comparative method in modern evolutionary physiology is use of:

  phylogenetics
• T/F: cell membranes of animals are static entities, aka NOT dynamic and lipids/proteins stationary

  False
• A saturated hydrocarbon contains?

  no double bonds
• T/F: double bonds in hydrocarbons create bends in phospholipid tails to prevent tight packing in cell membrane

  True
• greater cell membrane fluidity results from?

  higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in tails of phospholipids (more double bonds)
• broadly, cell membrane proteins can be classified as either


  integral (embedded) or peripheral (on surface)
• cell membrane proteins weakly bond to certain molecules, initiating changes in membrane permeability/cell metabolism are called?

  receptor proteins
• T/F: once protein denatures, can never regain function

  False
• proteins that speed up chem rxns?

  enzymes
• when an enzyme molec and substrate molecule collide in a cell, probability that binding will occur depends on?

  enzyme-substrate affinity
• the sequencing and analysis of genomes is typically carried out by specialists called?


  bioinformaticians
• which of the following is an empirical approach that scientists typically DO NOT use to link genotypes to physiological phenotypes:

  1. time-energy budgets in field

  2. transcriptomic studies

  3. genome-wide association studies

  4. CRISPR-Cas Gene editing

  1. time energy budgets in field (this measures metabolic rate, not gene expression)
• goal of transcriptomic studies is to measure:

  gene expression
• T/F: major disadvantage of transcriptomic studies is that they are rarely hypothesis driven

  True
• T/F: second law of thermodynamics states that an isolated system always trends toward increasing disorder/entropy

  True
• The energy liberated by metabolic processes when atoms of food rearrange into new configurations is called?


  chemical energy
• T/F: an animals metabolic rate is NOT an important determinant of amount of food it needs

  False
• Metabolic rate scales w/ body size following?

  Kleiber's Law
• T/F: ATP can be stored indefinitely in animal cells

  False
• The first set of reactions in aerobic metabolism, where two ATP molecules are used and two ATP net produced is called?


  glycolysis
• T/F: Water is the final electronic acceptor in the electron transport chain


  False, Oxygen (O2)is
• T/F: metabolic rate increases w/ body temp b/c activation energy for biochem rxns is reduced at higher temps

  True