Evo Unit 4

• Life history is an individual's lifetime pattern of energy allocation to various basic activities such as growth, repair, and reproduction
• Senescence is the late-life decline in an individual's fertility and probability of survival
• Pleiotropy: allele influences more than one trait
• Ecological mortality: death by extrinsic factors such as predators, disease, or accidents
• Grandmother hypothesis: females may increase inclusive fitness by helping raise daughter's offspring, rather than continuing to breed
• Trade-off: the more offspring produced, the less time/energy can be invested into each one
• Parental fitness = number of offspring X probability that any individual offspring survives
• Pathogen: microorganism that causes disease
• speciation is the formation of new, distinct species
• The Morphospecies concept is when species are distinguished by phenotypic differences
• The Phylogenetic species concept is when species are the smallest monophyletic groups among related populations
• The Biological species concept is when species are defined by reproductive isolation
• Allopatry: disruption of gene flow between populations is caused by geographic isolation
• Vicariance: the splitting of existing range by physical barrier
• Sympatry: genetic isolation without geographic isolation
• Reproductive isolating mechanisms are traits that hinder/prevent interbreeding and/or the production of fertile, viable offspring
• Secondary contact: new sister species re-connect and interbreed
• Reinforcement is when hybrids have reduced fitness, so parents have strong selective pressure for assortative mating
• Hybrid zone is when hybrids have higher fitness in transitional habitats than parental species do