1.1

• Reference maps


  Maps designed for people to refer to for general information about places
• Types of reference maps


  • Political maps
  • Physical maps
  • Road maps
  • Plat maps
• Political maps


  • Show and label human-created boundaries and designations, such as countries, states, cities, and capitals
• Physical maps


  • Show and label natural features, such as mountains, rivers, and deserts
• Road maps


  • Show and label highways, streets, and alleys
• Plat maps


  • Show and label property lines and details of land ownership
• Thematic maps


  Maps that show spatial aspects of information or of a phenomenon
• Types of thematic maps


  • Choropleth maps
  • Dot distribution maps
  • Graduated symbol maps
  • Isoline maps
  • Cartograms
• Choropleth maps


  • Use various colors, shades of one color, or patterns to show the location and distribution of spatial data, often showing rates or other quantitative data in defined areas
• Dot distribution maps


  • Show the specific location and distribution of something across a map, with each dot representing a specified quantity
• Graduated symbol maps


  • Use symbols of different sizes to indicate different amounts of something, with larger sizes indicating more and smaller sizes indicating less
• Isoline maps


  • Use lines that connect points of equal value to depict variations in the data across space, with closer lines indicating rapid change and farther lines indicating relatively the same phenomenon
• Cartograms


  • Show the sizes of countries (or states, counties, or other areal units) according to some specific statistic, allowing for data to be compared like a graph while also showing distance and distribution
• Absolute location


  The precise spot where something is according to a system, such as the global grid of lines known as latitude and longitude
• Latitude


  The distance halfway between the North and South Poles, with the equator designated as 0 degrees and the poles as 90 degrees north and south
• Longitude


  The distance east or west of the prime meridian, an imaginary line that runs from pole to pole through Greenwich, England, designated as 0 degrees with 180 degrees on the opposite side of the globe
• cartographic scale - the way maps communicate the radio of its size to the size of what it represents
• relative location - the position of a place in relation to other places, measured in terms of distance, time, or other factors
• connectivity - how well two locations are tied together by roads or other links

  accessibility - how quickly and easily people in one location can interact with people in another location
• distribution- the way a phenomenon i spread out over an area
• Geographers look for patterns in the general arrangement of things, in the distribution of phenomena across space that give clues about causes or effects of the distribution
• Common distribution patterns


  • Clustered or agglomerated
  • Linear
  • Dispersed
  • Circular
  • Geometric
  • Random
• Clustered or agglomerated phenomena


  • Arranged in a group or concentrated area such as restaurants in a food court at a mall or the clustering of cities along the border of the United States and Mexico
• Linear phenomena


  • Arranged in a straight line, such as the distribution of towns along a railroad line
• Dispersed phenomena


  • Spread out over a large area, such as the distribution of large malls in a city
• Circular phenomena


  • Equally spaced from a central point, forming a circle, such as the distribution of the homes of people who shop at a particular store
• Geometric phenomena


  • In a regular arrangement, such as the squares or blocks formed by roads in the Midwest
• Random phenomena


  • Appear to have no order to their position, such as the distribution of pet owners in a city
• mercator projection -designed for navigation because lines are straight and easy to follow
• peters projection - spatial distributions related to areas, sizes of land masses are accurate, shapes are inaccurate, especially near the poles
• conic projection - general use in mid latitude countries, longitude converges, latitude curve, size and shape are both close to reality
• robinson - general use, no major distortion, oval shape appears more like a globe than does a rectangle, area, shape, size, and direction are slightly distorted
• time-distance decay - the closer you are to something, the more closely connected you are with it