P/S 1

• The Lazarus theory states that emotions are determined by one's appraisal of the stimulus.
• Face validity refers to whether an assessment superficially appears to measure what it is supposed to measure.
• External validity refers to the generalizability of the study's findings, or whether the intervention would work in different situations or for different people.
• Internal validity reflects the extent to which you can assume the intervention being studied caused the observed outcome.
• Episodic memory refers to memory of specific life experiences.
• In Mead's theory of the nature of the self, the self is divided into the "I" and the "me." The "me" is the collection of attitudes taken from society, whereas the "I" is the autonomous sense of self that reacts to the "me."
• In world systems theory, nations are split into core, semi-periphery, and periphery countries on the basis of their wealth, military strength, and government institutions. Core countries are those well-developed, wealthy nations that control many resources, have powerful militaries, and have strong state institutions. Periphery countries are dependent on core countries for capital and lack a strong centralized government. An undeveloped nation, or developing nation, is generally defined as a country with a less-developed industrial base and a lower standard of living.
• Declarative memory is memory of information (facts, specific events etc.) that can be recalled.
• Social constructionism views human activity as consisting of human creations made through countless individual choices and interactions, primarily mediated through language.
• Meta-analysis is a statistical technique that involves an aggregation of smaller studies pertaining to a certain research question in order to draw a conclusion that is statistically stronger than each of the individual studies.
• Ordinal variables can be ranked to allow for comparisons. For example, if you were asked about the highest level of education achieved, you could respond with high school degree, college degree, medical degree, etc. College degrees are at a higher level than high school degrees, and medical degrees are at a higher level than college degrees.
• Dichotomous variables only have two categories. Example: yes or no?
• Alogia is the inability to speak.
• Asociality is the lack of motivation or desire to engage in social activity.
• Avolition is a lack of interest in goal-directed behavior.
• Major depressive disorder is a type of mood disorder. A mood disorder is a class of mental health conditions that describes all types of depression and bipolar disorders.
• Primary reinforcers create natural responses which occur even when no learning or conditioning takes place.
• Researchers believe that most multitasking involves rapid sequential shifts of attention between tasks. These do not occur simultaneously, but may happen so rapidly that they appear simultaneous.
• Social reproduction is the perpetuation of social norms through socialization and social institutions. Two major socializing forces are family and peers. Thus, if a child sees heavy tobacco use as normal among older family members and peers, he is more likely to begin using and to continue to use tobacco.
• A phenomenological research study focuses on subjective elements of an experience by trying to understand individuals' perceptions, perspectives, and understanding of a particular situation or event. Often, this is done by way of collecting narratives from multiple subjects regarding the same situation or experience, in order to make generalizations about the research topic.
• Social facilitation is the phenomenon observed when performance on a task changes depending on the presence of others. This is commonly related to the Yerkes-Dodson law, which relates psychological arousal to performance, and does not apply to the situation presented in the question stem.
• Continuous variables have an infinite number of categories. If the question was something like "how many full-time jobs have you had?" or "how many hours do you work each week?", there would be more than two categories for responses, and employment status would be a continuous variable.
• Social proof (also known as informational social influence) is a psychological phenomenon where people assume the actions of others in an attempt to reflect correct behavior for a given situation. Informational social influence occurs most often when the situation is ambiguous. In other words, individuals are most susceptible to informational social influence when they have choices, but do not know which to select, or when there is a crisis, and others have more expertise in the area. If the authority of others is accepted, it is assumed that they know better than the individual making the decision. If the first-year resident conforms because of informational social influences, he most likely does so because he assumes that the third-year residents know what they are doing, considers them experts, and thinks that he can trust that their opinion is correct.
• Anhedonia is a depression symptom and is the "inability to feel pleasure."
• Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiment supported social learning theory for children in the context of aggression.
• he elaboration likelihood model (ELM) is a theory that describes the ways in which persuasive information may be processed. The ELM proposes two major routes to persuasion: the central route and the peripheral route. Under the central route, persuasion will likely result from a person's careful consideration of the merits of persuasive information. Under the peripheral route, persuasion results from a person's association with positive or negative cues, such as the attractiveness of the message source and its related presentation. In this sense, if advertising images for a product are presented and prove to be persuasive, it will have occurred via peripheral route processing.
• In stage 1 of the demographic transition, a country is pre-industrial and has high mortality and fertility rates.
• In stage 2 of the demographic transition, the population grows dramatically as mortality rates drop and fertility rates remain high.
• In stage 3 of the demographic transition, the fertility rate drops due to social changes. The population still grows, but at a slower pace.
• Stage 4 of a demographic transition corresponds to a slowly-growing or shrinking population associated with low mortality and fertility rates.
• The amygdala is part of the limbic system and is the brain's center for generating emotions and emotional behavior.
• Stanley Milgram's electric shock study examined factors related to obedience to authority and identification with obedient roles.
• John B. Watson's "Little Albert" experiment examined fear conditioning.
• Philip Zimbardo's prison study examined how people conform to different roles, especially when placed in positions of authority.
• Weber’s law implies that gradual changes in a stimulus may elude detection, as they may fall below the just-noticeable difference threshold, as illustrated in the figure below.
• Eidetic memory is also referred to as photographic memory, which is the ability to remember something in great detail even after a relatively short exposure.
• The Stroop effect describes the phenomenon in which it is harder for an individual to reconcile different pieces of information relating to colors than to reconcile similar pieces of information. Ex: When a subject views the word “red” written in green ink, it takes longer for the subject to recognize the word than when viewing the word “red” written in red ink. 
• Alpha waves are detected when an individual is awake, but fatigued and less than fully alert.
• Stage 1 sleep is characterized by theta waves. REM sleep is characterized by waves similar to beta waves, but with a less regular distribution. Beta waves are emitted when an individual is awake and fully alert.
• A moderating variable is one that affects the intensity of the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable.