kin 2501 final

• Women's Sport Foundation was founded around the time Title IX was enacted
• Women's Sport Foundation had a profound effect for helping not maintain the status quo but increase scholarships and other things for girls/women
• Billie Jean King vs Bobby Riggs


  Battle of the sexes tennis match where Billie Jean King (female) at the prime of her career defeated Bobby Riggs (male) who was at the end of his career and femmephobic
• Billie Jean King's victory raised the level of awareness of female ability to play a sport
• Many teachers today do not report inequities in fear of losing their job
• 1900-1920s considered Golden Age of Sport 
• Progressive Era - 1900s - people who wanted to improve lives for immigrants coming to the country  

  • Growing urban (city) population 
  • Want everyone to do well so the city functions properly  
• WASP's - White Anglo-Saxon Protestants  

  • Leading way for social reform 
  • Campaigned against manufacture and consumption of alcohol 
  • Wanted labor unions  
  • Used sports to educate  
• Progressive Reformers devised a 3-tier process 

  • 1st step: humanitarian concerns of having a child working instead of going to school 
  • Huge resistance from parents  
  • Children started to go to school 
  • 2nd step: passes mandatory education laws 
  • 3rd step: physical education in schools; supervised games and sport taught deference to authority  
  • Taught to respect authority 
  • Taught about time management
• Babe Ruth (1914-1935) 

  1. Invented the home run  
  2. He sucked in school and went to St. Mary's school and it was like a baseball academy 
  3. He changed the game by increasing baseball's popularity and by increasing the competition with score  
  4. Babe Ruth is recognized as a representative of baseball  
• Scandal of White Sox 

  • Charles Comiskey was widely disliked by his players 
  • Like scrooge  
  • Known for under paying players 
  • It was easy for gamblers to convince players to fix the game 
  • If pitcher threw strike and then hit the batter on the next pitch, the fix was on  
  • Reported; proven true and tarnishes baseball's image 
  • Found NOT guilty for all charges 
  • Say some of the evidence went missing 
  • In court of law, found not guilty 
  • National pastime turned into questioning if a game was fixed 
• Put commissioner as a figure head - Commissioner Kennesaw Mountain Landis 

  1. Put him as a figure head to prevent issues/gambling 
  2. Integration occurred after his death  
  3. Found Black Sox players guilty of cheating and banded them from MLB
• Curse of the bambino: Never won a world series after Babe left to play for the Yankees 
• Joe DiMaggio = most famous for 56 consecutive games  

  • Played during WWII  
  • Set record with 56 consecutive games where he hit a ball  
• Lou Gehrig = known as the "iron man" aka went on a huge streak of games he played in 

  • Died of ALS (called Lou Gehrig disease) 
  • Played w Babe Ruth but they did not really get along 
• Negro League Baseball 

  • Andrew "Rube" Foster= primary organizer for this professional league 
  • Patterned his league after what MLB was doing 
  • Thought when segregation in baseball would end, you would see whole teams from negro league playing in the MLB 
  • Not a player by player, but TEAMS 
  • Very famous played in the negro league 
  • Josh Gibson = catcher; very similar to Babe  
  • Cool Papa Bell = base stealer 
  • Satchell Paige = pitcher; showman; pitched baseball for over 5 decades  
• Satchell Paige = pitcher; showman; pitched baseball for over 5 decades  

  • Real name Leroy 
  • Honorary guest at a game in MLB when he was 59  
  • Got his name because as a kid he would go to the train station and carry people's satchels for money  
•  Jackie Robison is the first to integrate baseball
• Baby steps towards female participation in sport

  1. Women swim in Olympics in 1912  
  2. Title XI in 1972 opened door for increased for women/girls in sport 
• Babe Didrikson- TRACK AND FIELD

  • She was cocky but persevered through societal stereotypes 
  • Enters 1932 AAU Track & Field Championships as only member of the Employers’ Casualty Company team. Breaks 4 world records and wins team championship.
  • Wins 2 gold and 1 silver medal at 1932 Olympics.  1932-1934

  Travels promoting herself

  • Pitches against MLB teams at spring training
  • Plays for co-ed basketball team
  • Plays in exhibitions with men’s baseball team

  1933: Takes golf lessons (a ladylike game)

  Wins Amateur golf tournaments; banned from playing because she is a professional
• 1930: Adolph Rupp coaches 1st basketball game at Kentucky

  His teams wow crowds with up-tempo, fastbreak style.

  Coaches UK for 44 years, winning 874 games, 4 natl titles
• 1937: National Basketball League forms (all white)

  Mikan Era
• Pro Basketball 

  1920s, barnstorming teams of skilled men in other cities 

  NY Celtics (White), NY Renaissance (Black) 

  Savoy Big 5 (Chicago) 
• Savoy Big 5 (Chicago) 


  Formed by Abe Saperstein 

  Renamed team to New York to get games 

  Later became Harlem Globetrotters - black team 

  Started to be funny to let players rest and appeal to crowds 

  Played 2 exhibition games against George Mikan’s Minneapolis Lakers 
• Jesse Owens

  • Ties world record as HS senior
  • Ohio State
  • 1936 Olympics (Berlin, Germany)
  • The Nazi Olympics
• Joe Louis 

  • (The Brown Bomber) surname Barrow
  • Heavyweight Champ
  • Hero to black youth
  • Quiet, polite, humble
  • 1936 & 1938: Fights German Max Schmelling
  • From Alabama, moved to Detroit after mom remarried
• By WWI, Basketball was the most popular HS sport, 2nd in college to Football 
• Louis said: “Dempsey was the one hero that I had when I was a kid”…didn’t realize he idolized a boxer who refused to fight blacks after winning the title
• • Louis wanted a black manager – Detroit businessman, John Roxborough (king of the illegal numbers rackets in the city’s black neighborhoods)
  • Jack Blackburn became his trainer (forged a bond with Blackburn that became one of the strongest, warmest and most trusting in all of sports history)
• 1938 – Louis had a rematch with Schmelling at Yankee Stadium

  • Not since the Johnson-Jeffries fight (1910) was black America so consumed by a single sport event
• Jesse Owens 

  • Well respected 
  • In long jump (he won gold), 3 attempts and on first 2 he hit the board and fouled (do not count that distance) 
  • Component told him to move back his starting line and he did 
  • This shows he was respected 
  • Won 4 gold metals - Jewish runners were not allowed to run
  • Hitler's snub- refused to shake Hitler's hand when accepting a medal
• 1948 - London Olympics

  • City was devastated by the bombs that were dropped during war 
  • People of London didn’t really embrace these games 
  • They were trying to recover economically 
  • German and Japanese athletes were excluded from these games bc of their actions during WWII 
• Alice Coachman 

  • 1st African American women to get gold medal in 1948 in London 
  • Born in 1923, the fifth of ten children 
  • Grew up in GA 
  • Taught herself how to high jump and by trial and error 
• Avery Brundage (1952-1972) - President of IOC 

  • Strongly believed in the maintenance of strict amateur rules  
  • Held idealistic view about separation of sports and politics - wanted to keep politics and social tension out of games 
  • 1968 Olympics (Mexico city) 
  • 1972 Olympics (Munich) 
  • Arab terrorists killed Israeli athletes  
• 1960 - Rome Olympics

  • Muhammad Ali is boxer; young man; Cassius Clay is original name  
• Wilma Rudolph 

  • 1st African American woman to win 3 gold metals 
• • In 1960 at Olympics in Rome, Wilma Roudolph became the first American woman to win 3 gold medals (because of her success, gender barriers began to fall)
• Parade to honor Wilma Roudolph  

  • One parade through white part 
  • One parade through black part 
  • She said she only wanted one parade so everyone could enjoy it 
  • They ended up doing one parade and it signifies she had a lot of integrity  
• • In 1960 Olympic Ga,es
  • Black female stars made greater strides than any other group during the four years between Olympiads
  • There were internal racial contradictions – most people thought there would be a peaceful transition from segregation to integration in the public schools (as ordered by the Supreme Court) – was not the case!
  • Muhammad Ali (won gold in heavyweight division)
  • Rafer Johnson (won silver medal in decathlon in Melbourne) had the honor of carrying the American flag during the opening ceremonies in Rome
• • Harry Edwards - started Olympic Project for Human Rights (OPHR) 
  • Discussion Boycott of 1968 Olympics - Mexico City  
  • Ended up not boycotting and who US Olympic team goes to Mexico City 
  • Two significant events at Mexico City Games: 
  • Bob Bemoan record breaking the long jump by a mile 
  • Tommy Smith and John Carolos raising fists after their race