Biomedical Exam Review

• Evidence


  Hair, digital, fingerprints, DNA, blood
• Evidence


  • Could lead us to the wrong victim but also help with tracing the victim
• Evaluating evidence


  Assess the character and find how evidence can be tied to a certain person
• Technology


  Helps us track evidence quicker with technology such as phones or digital evidence tied to the victim
• Documenting a crime scene


  Use a sketch scene with items in the scene, the victim, and anything that is tied to the victim
• Experimental design process


  A process used to carefully plan experiments in order to investigate scientific questions or problems
• Independent variable


  Variables being tested and which the scientist controls or manipulates in order to determine their effect on dependent variables
• Dependent variable


  Responding variables that may change due to the independent variable applied to them. Scientists measure these responses or changes
• Constant


  Factors that do not change
• Control


  Group that serves as a standard of comparison
• Components of blood


  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
  • Plasma
• Blood types


  • A
  • B
  • O
• Standard curve


  A graph that plots known values. It helps us identify known and unknown values
• DNA


  4 nucleotides bases; phosphate sugar
• Gel electrophoresis


  Creates DNA fingerprints from crime scenes to help match samples that suggests which suspect committed the crime
• Restriction enzymes


  A protein isolated from bacteria that produces DNA fragments with a known sequence
• DNA migrates toward the positive end on a gel
• Two samples have identical banding patterns


  These 2 samples are similar in size
• Cause of death


  The medical cause of death
• Mechanism of death


  The physiological derangement of death
• Manner of death


  Natural result of death
• An autopsy can provide information about family members in case of genetic illness
• Steps of an autopsy


  1. Visual exam of whole body

  2. Microscopic exams
• An autopsy can establish the cause, mechanism, and manner of death
• Basic structure and function of human body systems


  • Nervous: brain/spinal cord- transmits signals between the brain to the body
  • Skeletal: skull/ribs/vertebre- structural organ supporting the body movement/protecting internal organs
  • Muscular: group of muscles fibers- pumping blood and supporting movement to the body
  • Integumentary: skin/glands/hair/nails- protecting body from bacteria, infection, and injury
  • Urinary: kidneys/uterus/bladder- to filter blood and create urine as waste by product
  • Endocrine: glands- releases hormones into bloodstream
  • Cardiovascular: heart/vessels/arteries- provides blood circulation through the body
  • Digestive: stomach/esophagus/small and large intestine- converts food into glucose/amino acids
  • Respiratory: nose/trachea/bronchi- move fresh air into body while removing waste gases
  • Immune: primary lymphoid organs- defends body against infection
• Determining time of death


  Measure the temperature of the body
• Toxicology report


  Analysis of biological samples for toxins. The report can analyze what happened to the person who died
• Relationship between cells, tissues, organs, and systems in the human body


  Cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, and organs make up organ systems
• Anatomy of the heart


  • Upper chambers: left and right atrias; valves
  • Lower chambers: left and right ventricles
  • Major blood vessels: aorta
• Heart anatomy and function


  Blood comes into the right atrium from the body and moves into the right ventricle and is pushed into the arteries in the lungs. After picking up oxygen, the blood travels back to the heart through the veins into the left atrium, to the left ventricle and out to the body's tissues through the aorta
• Utilizing scientific writings and presentations to present evidence and justify conclusions


  You can use evidence from scientific writings/evidence and apply it to your conclusions with studies/experiments to prove your point